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Antiterrorism legislation that has been drafted & enacted after September 11 (2001) certainly carries clear signs of coordination & convergence. Coordination & convergence have been pushed by precise demands voiced by the UN, the security council, & other international & supranational bodies. Moreover, antiterrorism legislation after 9/11 implements a program that was developed in the context of controlling transnational organized crime, money laundering, & illegal immigration in the 1980s & 1990s. Antiterrorism legislation is of a cross sectional nature as it is headed towards amendments not only of criminal law but also towards amending telecommunication law, immigration law, police law, etc. In substantial criminal law we find new offence statutes that penalize support of terrorist organizations & financing terrorism. In procedural law police powers have been widened while telecommunication providers are subject to prolonged periods of keeping data. Cooperation between police & intelligence agencies has been facilitated; the emergence of task force approaches that combine police, intelligence agencies, customs, immigration authorities, etc, is pointing also to the convergence of policies of prevention & repression. At large, antiterrorism legislation demonstrates the transformation of the formerly privileged status of politically & ideologically motivated violence into behavior deemed to be particularly dangerous & therefore eligible for increased penalties & incapacitation. Such transformation can be also understood as the emergence of an enemy type criminal law that is opposed to the version of criminal law that addresses citizens & with that treasures the salience of civil liberties. 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract: The article addresses problems of ethnic and foreign minorities in the criminal justice system in the Federal Republic of Germany. Analysis of police and court data suggests at first glance that members of foreign minorities commit far more crimes than are committed by the population's majority. But controlling for differences in those variables which make considerable differences between foreign minorities and the population's majority, especially socio‐economic status, differences in crime rates fade away. It is argued that cultural conflict theory does not provide an adequate framework for explaining crime occurring within foreign minorities. Available evidence suggests that deprivation and control theories are more powerful in explaining criminal behaviour within ethnic and foreign minorities, they seem also to he more useful in guiding criminal policy dealing with foreign offenders. Although crime problems have been of paramount importance in criminological studies dealing with ethnic and foreign minorities, problems of criminal victimisation should be taken into account, too. Furthermore, problems of processing members of ethnic minorities through the criminal justice system are touched on in the article with special emphasis on those points in the process which are hypothesised to embody great potential for discriminatory decision‐making

"Umweltschutz ist eine drängende Aufgabe der Gegenwart. Dabei sollte auch dem Strafrecht eine eigenständige Rolle zufallen, die insbesondere darin besteht, plakativ hervorzuheben, welche Umweltschädigungen keinesfalls geduldet werden. Anliegen der Reform des Umweltstrafrechts im Jahre 1980, war es, einen Schritt in diese Richtung zu tun und mit einer leichteren Nachweisbarkeit von Umweltdelikten sowie höheren Strafandrohungen zu einem verbesserten strafrechtlichen Umweltschutz beizutragen. Zwar zeigt die Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik, daß im letzten Jahrzehnt ein ganz enormer Anstieg der registrierten Umweltdelikte stattgefunden hat, doch lassen die bisherigen empirischen Erkenntnisse darüber, welche Sachverhalte und welche Umweltdelinquenten gegenwärtig mit dem Mittel des Strafrechts erreicht werden, Zweifel daran zu, daß tatsächlich die schwerwiegenden Verstöße gegen strafrechtliche Umweltnormen erfaßt werden. Vielmehr sind es in der Regel Kleinverschmutzter, die leicht nachweisbare und gut sichtbare Beeinträchtigungen der Umwelt auf sich geladen haben, die, wenn auch nur mit kleinen Strafen, von Strafgerichten bestraft werden. Dieses gewissermaßen offizielle Bild der Umweltkriminalität läßt sich erklären durch Besonderheiten der Umweltstrafrechtstatbestände, Probleme der Nachweisbarkeit von Umweltdelikten im Rahmen größerer Betriebe, Störungen der Kommunikation zwischen Umweltverwaltungs- und Strafverfolgungsbehörden sowie Defiziten in Kontrollressourcen und Kontrollinteressen. Insoweit ist die registrierte Umweltkriminalität derzeit kein Spiegel 'tatsächlicher Umweltbelastungen', sie spiegelt vielmehr wider, was derzeit im Umweltstrafrecht durchsetzbar ist." (Autorenreferat)