Suchergebnisse

The aim of the research is an analysis of the influence of the economic indicators on the socio-economic development of EU countries. The synthetic measure of socio-economic development is calculated by means of the following determinants: 'Economy and Finance', 'Science and Technology', 'Health', 'Education' and 'Living Conditions'. This index of the socio-economic development of residents of the European Union countries has been created as an arithmetic mean of indicators, counted for particular determinants. The index, which has been created, is treated as a modified Human Development Index due to the fact that it is completed with the added information. The data has been collected from the Eurostat for the years 2006–2016. In the second part of the research there have been developed the models for the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in terms of particular economic indicator, used in the analysis, as well as the analysis of the relationship between the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in EU countries, and the selected economic measures: unemployment rate, GDP per capita, indicator of real expenditure per capita, and the percentage of people at risk of poverty. The results are obtained, using the Statistica 12 program.

This paper presents the issues that determine the security of business transactions, whose proper functioning is endangered by so-called usurers. It discusses crimes under Art. 304 § 1–3 of the Penal Code. The offense of usury, regulated in Art. 304 § 1 of the P.C., provides for the criminal liability of persons who, by taking advantage of the compulsory position of another natural person, legal entity, or organizational unit without legal personality, conclude a contract with it, imposing an obligation on it to perform disproportionate to the consideration. Article 304 § 2 and 3 of the P.C. regulate new types of usury, introduced into the legal system by the amendment of May 14, 2020, which penalizes behavior directed against consumers, consisting in demanding excessive interest or non-interest costs for providing a benefit with the obligation to return.

The aim of the research is an analysis of the influence of the economic indicators on the socio-economic development of EU countries. The synthetic measure of socio-economic development is calculated by means of the following determinants: 'Economy and Finance', 'Science and Technology', 'Health', 'Education' and 'Living Conditions'. This index of the socio-economic development of residents of the European Union countries has been created as an arithmetic mean of indicators, counted for particular determinants. The index, which has been created, is treated as a modified Human Development Index due to the fact that it is completed with the added information. The data has been collected from the Eurostat for the years 2006–2016. In the second part of the research there have been developed the models for the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in terms of particular economic indicator, used in the analysis, as well as the analysis of the relationship between the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in EU countries, and the selected economic measures: unemployment rate, GDP per capita, indicator of real expenditure per capita, and the percentage of people at risk of poverty. The results are obtained, using the Statistica 12 program.

W roku 2000 w tzw. Strategii Lizbońskiej Unia Europejska próbowała "zadekretować" innowacyjność, która miała być głównym panaceum na kryzysy gospodarcze i społeczne XXI wieku. Jednakże w nowej strategii "Europa 2020" zrezygnowano z nacisku na "innowacyjność dla innowacyjności", próbując powiązać unowocześnianie gospodarki z efektami społecznymi. W tym kontekście zasadne wydaje się zbadanie zależności wybranych miar poziomu życia mieszkańców od poziomu innowacyjności gospodarki w obrębie państw Unii Europejskiej. Stanowi to główny cel poniższego artykułu. Analizą objęto dane dotyczące wskaźników innowacyjności gospodarek państw unijnych w 2015 roku oraz wybrane cechy odzwierciedlające pewne aspekty poziomu życia mieszkańców w tym samym okresie. W obliczeniach uwzględniono dodatkowo podział względem sytuacji geopolitycznej przed 1989 rokiem, bowiem mimo upływu ponad 25 lat, poziom rozwoju państw postkomunistycznych jest ciągle niższy niż pozostałych państw europejskich. Podstawową metodą statystyczną była analiza korelacji rang Spearmana. Z uzyskanych wyników można wysnuć wnioski o co najwyżej przeciętnej korelacji wskaźników innowacyjności z poziomem życia mieszkańców państw unijnych. Analizowane zależności były wyraźnie słabsze w grupie państw postkomunistycznych.

The aim of the article is an attempt to assess the impact of women's occupational activity on the tendency to take up informal employment as an element of human capital management. The paper attempts to assess the relationship between the unemployment rate and the employment rate and the share of informal work in GDP. Methodology: The implementation of the objective required the use of statistical methods, in particular, linear regression methods. Results: The publication describes the nature of informal employment, the level of professional activity of women in the selected European Union countries in 2017. Based on statistical data, an attempt was made to assess the impact of professional activity among women on non-formal work based on the linear regression method.

Production and consumption are both monitored in the context of progress toward a circular economy and sustainable development. In each case, the number and types of the implemented indicators are different. Thus, it is reasonable to ask about the comparability of information produced by two composite measures for equivalent research subjects: production and consumption. This is a thematic area of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy, as well as for responsible consumption and production, which is the 12th goal of the UN Agenda 2030. To scrutinize this problem in the European Union, this research aims to test statistically the similarity between the production and consumption composite indicators (based on Circular Economy Action Plan measures), and the responsible consumption and production composite indicators (based on the UN Agenda 2030 measures). The thesis that the application of the composite indicators generates significantly different results is not proved.

This article aims to analyze living conditions in Poland and Lithuania after theCOVID-19 pandemic, using Eurostat data for seven chosen indicators. The dynamics indices were used to examine the changes in the analyzed indicators over the studied period. Stepwise regression method was used to investigate the impact of the highlighted variables on GDP per capita. The indices allowed us to interpret whether there was a decrease or an increase in the variables throughout the analyzed period, as well as to compare the results for individual years. The results should help the authorities of the analyzed EU countries to make decisions regarding the objectives of the 2030 Agenda. The research shows that the GDP per capita variable is influenced by the inflation rate, people's inability to "make ends meet," and the share of people living in under-occupied dwellings. The dynamics of people at risk of poverty in Lithuania have increased by 1.5% since 2013. Based on the results for both Lithuania and Poland, the implementation of the main principles of the sustainable development goals, including the elimination of poverty and hunger, may be at risk. If the governments of these countries do not take decisive steps, the achievement of the SDGs by 2030 may be threatened.