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This article is mainly informative and contains the most important data on organisations responsible for the creation and implementation of tourism policy in the structures of government administration in 57 countries from different parts of the world, including 38 countries belonging to the OECD and partner economies (countries) of this organisation. Most of the information (concerning 50 countries) comes from the OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022 [OECD 2022] report1, which was released on November 30, 2022, and was prepared on the basis of data sent by relevant institutions from individual countries2. These circumstances make the information provided in the article probably the most up-to-date regarding the functioning of organisations acting as National Tourism Administrations (NTAs) in countries that play a key role on the international (global) tourism market. It is estimated that they, in total, account for about 70% of the entire potential of world tourism, regardless of the metrics used to measure this potential, i.e. whether it be analysed through the prism of arrivals or departures, domestic or foreign tourism, income or expenses, number of tourist and tourism-related companies, employment, etc., the majority of tourism-related activities are concentrated in OECD countries. The aforementioned report, in which the objectives and priorities of tourism policy were analysed, and examples of specific activities and practices from individual countries were provided, is a study that not only allows to confirm opinions about the high tourism recovery challenges and the outlook ahead, but in it, the need for co-ordinated, forward-looking policy approaches to set tourism on a path to a more resilient, sustainable and inclusive future is also highlighted [https://www.oecd. org/cfe/ tourism/oecd-tourism-trends-and-policies-20767773.htm]. Due to the above, in this article, only a narrow range of issues raised in the report is presented, focusing on the issues of organisations, briefly referred to as NTAs, as responsible for the creation and implementation of tourism policy in individual countries. The role of the OECD itself is also better understood, its presentation preceded by a short description of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development itself and the impact of its activities on the development of tourism in the world, as well as the main goals and tasks that are set for organisations performing NTA functions in their countries.

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Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych – OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych - OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

Purpose. Analysis of research studies on tourism related activity carried out in various European countries in the period from the end of WWII to the end of the 20th century. The study embraced both the research methods and techniques, as well as the ways of expressing tourism activity, making an attempt at comparing the findings of various studies in each case (both on the domestic and international scale). Method. The basic method used in the study was complex analysis of scientific literature pertaining to the research on tourism related activity (published in Polish, English, German and French), where focus was on research methodology. Also, the findings of the analysed studies were investigated to a certain degree, which – despite some limitations of research comparability – indicated serious disproportions in the level of tourism related activity among the inhabitants of particular countries. Findings. The study indicated that the great majority of research carried out within the entire analysed period of time embraced surveys with a great heterogeneity of research methods and techniques, non-uniform terminology, as well as various different criteria and typologies of tourism activity. The study also revealed a great variety of used indicators (measures), which made proper diagnosis of the phenomenon and interpretation of the results additionally difficult. Hence, it impeded the potential use of research results in practical activity. Research limitations and conclusions. The paper presents the analyses of research studies carried out until the year 2000. A similar study, based on the scientific literature published already in the 21st century, is in preparation. Practical implications. The current study shows that at the end of the analysed period, traditional research methods and indices determining the level of participation in tourism (e.g. tourism activity rate) often did not allow for proper market analyses and required serious improvement (particularly in relation to research comparability and results obtained by various institutions). Reliable research studies have always been largely expected by the widely understood tourism branch as such data constitute a crucial factor not only in their current activity but also in strategic planning. Originality. The paper presents one of the most comprehensive overviews of research studies on tourism activity, particularly in relation to the analyses of research methodology on this subject matter. New estimation methods and genuine indices of tourism-related activity were also proposed in the study, taking the hitherto mentioned conditions into consideration. Type of paper. The paper is an overview analysing the findings of numerous empirical studies.

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Purpose. The primary aim of the paper is an analysis of the role of scientific journals in knowledge transfer in the sphere of tourism and an attempt at an identification of their challenges enhanced by changes taking place in the areas of science and knowledge management, as well as in tourism market trends. Method. In the first part of the paper, descriptive methods were used, based on historical and literature studies, as well as analyses of journal rankings (based on JCR and SCOPUS databases) and other indexes of parametric evaluation of research activity. The second part of the paper presents the results of empirical studies carried out in the form of an opinion survey distributed among current and former editors-in-chief and members of scientific councils of 28 leading Polish and international tourism journals. It should be pointed out here that the paper discusses only initial results as the study is ultimately expected to embrace as many as 50 international and 15 Polish journals. Since the study is still in progress (its completion is scheduled for late 2017), in its empirical part the present paper is based on the opinions of 43 respondents who conveyed their responses before 31st October 2016, which was a deadline for the first phase of the study (36.4% of the total number of 118 respondents asked for opinions). Findings. The study indicated that despite the fact that tourism journals fulfill similar functions as the journals representing other disciplines of science, the processes of knowledge transfer in relation to most forms of the transfer distinguished in the study are assessed as worse in the case of tourism journals, especially in comparison to the journals of natural sciences and technology. It occurred, however, that among 10 distinct forms of knowledge transfer, there are also some evaluated similarly in the case of tourism journals and journals representing other disciplines (e.g. transfer between branches), and even one assessed better in the case of tourism journals (i.e. transfer between editors). Recently tourism journals have been subject to serious modifications (in relation to both the aims and ways of their functioning), which is predominantly caused by all sorts of IT-enhanced changes in the sphere of widely understood scientific communications and their role in the system of parametric evaluation of research activity. Study and conclusions limitations. In the empirical part of the paper, only initial results are presented. It should be emphasized here that the findings are based only on subjective opinions of respondents, which requires some reservations in their interpretation and cautiousness in drawing definitive conclusions. The study revealed the whole amount of difficulties that should be taken under consideration in analyzing such issues, especially in terms of objectivization and quantification of opinions. Practical implications. The paper may prove interesting to various individuals or institutions engaged not only in "producing" knowledge (researchers or research and development centers) or popularizing knowledge (publishers), but also in practical applications of knowledge (tourism branch). Also editorial boards of journals, especially the ones aspiring to the category of leading journals in the sphere of tourism studies, should find the research findings particularly interesting. Research originality. Among all the studies on knowledge transfer in tourism, most probably this is first such work in Poland that resorts to such a great number and variety of opinions received from editors-in-chief and members of scientific boards of tourism journals. Type of paper. The paper features both theoretical considerations and a presentation of original empirical studies.

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