Suchergebnisse

Social state as a mechanism for ensuring a decent level and quality of life for population has always been in the focus of scientific interests of N. M. Rimashevskaya. In memory of the famous scientist, the article presents an analysis of what happened to the social state in Russia in the past three decades, and argues the need to overcome the existing negative trends leading to its dismantling. Conclusions and recommendations are based on a study of the history of the formation of various models of welfare state, the operation of its economic mechanism, modern challenges to welfare state, as well as analysis of the Russian legislation, budget statistics, and results of sociological studies on the impact of reforms in the social sphere on the level and quality of life of Russians. It is shown that in the formation of a welfare state in the post-Soviet Russia, three stages can be distinguished, differing in the economic capabilities of the state and imperious rhetoric, but united by neoliberal ideology manifested in the desire to reduce social spending and commercialize the social sphere. The reduction of social obligations of the state forces citizens to independently decide on the issues of acquiring housing, medical treatment, and material support for old age. In conditions of low incomes, this pushes people to the financial market, in the development of which the state is interested, that fully fits into the mainstream of financialized capitalism and neoliberal ideology. The far from pleasing socio-demographic and economic indicators demonstrated by Russia against this background show the need for a turn towards the true development of a welfare state, and the events of early 2022 set this task with the utmost urgency. The article outlines the key components of the proposed pivot, related to rejection of the neoliberal dogmas about the negative impact on economic growth of large-scale social spending and income redistribution policies based on progressive income taxation, about selective social policy as an allegedly effective tool to combat poverty, etc.

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In Russia, as in many countries, the state is showing increased attention to the topic of financial literacy of the population, which is connected, on the one hand, with the expansion of the financial market inherent in the modern world economy, involving ordinary people in its orbit, and, on the other hand, with the curtail of the welfare state, and the reorientation of citizens to self-financing their needs for pensions, medical care, education, etc. In the process of such pushing up people to become investors, borrowers, participants of funded pension schemes, the specific character of the economic culture of the population is not taken into account, while many observed phenomena, such as low level of financial literacy and massive distrust of financial institutions, are due exactly to it. The article presents analysis of the cultural archetypes and patterns of behavior characteristic of the Russians that make up the economic culture; they were correlated with the models of behavior of the population of interest to the state; the impact on the existing economic culture of the current socio-economic context is considered. It is shown that the natural-climatic, geographic, geopolitical and religious factors have shaped Russians' specific attitude towards savings, their own and other people's property, planning horizons, contractual obligations, separation of common and individual responsibility, financial discipline, work ethics, state and commercial institutions, interpersonal relationships, etc., which is far from that sought by the state. Meanwhile, the problem is that it is the socio-economic policy pursued by the state, the events of the economic life of the past thirty years that act as the factors of reproduction and consolidation of the formed cultural archetypes and patterns of behavior, but not their productive transformation.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stakeholders' impact on the development of the European Union and identifies prospects for the stakeholders' development and building out appropriate institutions for Ukraine. Globalization, transition of a number of Western countries to the initial stage of an information society, formation of the world economic system, formation of a "risk society" - all these and other factors have led to the transformation of stakeholders in the European Union. The new stakeholders, namely, the global civil society, the transnational capitalist class, the blurred middle class and the precariat, the knowledge-class, the under-class are changing the foundations of the modern world order. Against the background of globalization, the global economic crisis of 2008-2013, many countries are trying to avoid considerable shocks by deepening cooperation, participation in certain integration processes, coordination with other countries or international organizations to address issues of stabilizing their own socio-economic situation. Ukraine has also chosen this strategy by signing and ratifying the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014. For Ukraine, the example of the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 is a heuristic, because the mechanism of admission of new participants is still relevant today. The key components of the country's preparation algorithm were economic transformations, democratization of the country's governance, increase of energy efficiency, and synchronization of legal norms with the EU. ; В статье выполнен комплексный анализ влияния стейкхолдеров на развитие Европейского Союза и определены перспективы развития стейкхолдеров и построения соответствующих организаций для Украины. Глобализация, переход ряда стран Запада на начальную стадию информационного общества, формирование мировой системы экономики, становление «общества риска» - все эти и другие факторы привели к трансформации стейкхолдеров в Европейском Союзе. Новые стейкхолдеры - глобальное гражданское общество, транснациональный капиталистический класс, размытый средний класс и прекариат, класс интеллектуалов (knowledge-class), андекласс (under-class) меняют основы современного мирового порядка. На фоне процессов глобализации, мирового экономического кризиса 2008-2013 гг., многие государства пытаются избежать значительных потрясений путем углубления сотрудничества, участия в определенных интеграционных процессах, координации усилий с другими странами или международными организациями для решения вопросов стабилизации собственной социально-экономической ситуации. Такую стратегию выбрала и Украины, путем подписания и ратификации в 2014 г. соглашения об ассоциации с ЕС. Для Украины эвристическим является пример расширения Европейского Союза в 2004 году, потому что наработанный механизм принятия новых участников является актуальным и сегодня. Ключевыми составляющими частями алгоритма подготовки страны становились экономические преобразования, демократизация управления страной, повышение энергоэффективности, синхронизация правовых норм с ЕС. ; У статті виконано комплексний аналіз впливу стейкхолдерів на розвиток Європейського Союзу та визначено перспективи розвитку стейкхолдерів та побудови відповідних інституцій для України. Глобалізація, перехід ряду країн Заходу на початкову стадію інформаційного суспільства, формування світової системи економіки, становлення «суспільства ризику» - усі ці та інші чинники призвели до трансформації стейкхолдерів в Європейському Союзі. Нові стейкхолдери - глобальне громадянське суспільство, транснаціональний капіталістичний клас, розмитий середній клас та прекаріат, клас інтелектуалів (knowledge-class), андеклас (under-class) змінюють основи сучасного світового порядку. На тлі процесів глобалізації, світової економічної кризи 2008-2013 рр., багато держав намагаються уникнути значних потрясінь шляхом поглиблення співпраці, участі у певних інтеграційних процесах, координації зусиль з іншими країнами або міжнародними організаціями задля вирішення питань стабілізації власної соціально-економічної ситуації. Таку стратегію обрала й Україна, шляхом підписання і ратифікації у 2014 р. угоди про асоціацію з ЄС. Для України, евристичним є приклад розширення Європейського Союзу у 2004 році, бо напрацьований механізм прийняття нових учасників є актуальним і на сьогодні. Ключовими складовими частинами алгоритму підготовки країни ставали економічні перетворення, демократизація управління країною, підвищення енергоефективності, синхронізація правових норм з ЄС.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stakeholders' impact on the development of the European Union and identifies prospects for the stakeholders' development and building out appropriate institutions for Ukraine. Globalization, transition of a number of Western countries to the initial stage of an information society, formation of the world economic system, formation of a "risk society" - all these and other factors have led to the transformation of stakeholders in the European Union. The new stakeholders, namely, the global civil society, the transnational capitalist class, the blurred middle class and the precariat, the knowledge-class, the under-class are changing the foundations of the modern world order. Against the background of globalization, the global economic crisis of 2008-2013, many countries are trying to avoid considerable shocks by deepening cooperation, participation in certain integration processes, coordination with other countries or international organizations to address issues of stabilizing their own socio-economic situation. Ukraine has also chosen this strategy by signing and ratifying the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014. For Ukraine, the example of the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 is a heuristic, because the mechanism of admission of new participants is still relevant today. The key components of the country's preparation algorithm were economic transformations, democratization of the country's governance, increase of energy efficiency, and synchronization of legal norms with the EU. ; В статье выполнен комплексный анализ влияния стейкхолдеров на развитие Европейского Союза и определены перспективы развития стейкхолдеров и построения соответствующих организаций для Украины. Глобализация, переход ряда стран Запада на начальную стадию информационного общества, формирование мировой системы экономики, становление «общества риска» - все эти и другие факторы привели к трансформации стейкхолдеров в Европейском Союзе. Новые стейкхолдеры - глобальное гражданское общество, транснациональный капиталистический класс, размытый средний класс и прекариат, класс интеллектуалов (knowledge-class), андекласс (under-class) меняют основы современного мирового порядка. На фоне процессов глобализации, мирового экономического кризиса 2008-2013 гг., многие государства пытаются избежать значительных потрясений путем углубления сотрудничества, участия в определенных интеграционных процессах, координации усилий с другими странами или международными организациями для решения вопросов стабилизации собственной социально-экономической ситуации. Такую стратегию выбрала и Украины, путем подписания и ратификации в 2014 г. соглашения об ассоциации с ЕС. Для Украины эвристическим является пример расширения Европейского Союза в 2004 году, потому что наработанный механизм принятия новых участников является актуальным и сегодня. Ключевыми составляющими частями алгоритма подготовки страны становились экономические преобразования, демократизация управления страной, повышение энергоэффективности, синхронизация правовых норм с ЕС. ; У статті виконано комплексний аналіз впливу стейкхолдерів на розвиток Європейського Союзу та визначено перспективи розвитку стейкхолдерів та побудови відповідних інституцій для України. Глобалізація, перехід ряду країн Заходу на початкову стадію інформаційного суспільства, формування світової системи економіки, становлення «суспільства ризику» - усі ці та інші чинники призвели до трансформації стейкхолдерів в Європейському Союзі. Нові стейкхолдери - глобальне громадянське суспільство, транснаціональний капіталістичний клас, розмитий середній клас та прекаріат, клас інтелектуалів (knowledge-class), андеклас (under-class) змінюють основи сучасного світового порядку. На тлі процесів глобалізації, світової економічної кризи 2008-2013 рр., багато держав намагаються уникнути значних потрясінь шляхом поглиблення співпраці, участі у певних інтеграційних процесах, координації зусиль з іншими країнами або міжнародними організаціями задля вирішення питань стабілізації власної соціально-економічної ситуації. Таку стратегію обрала й Україна, шляхом підписання і ратифікації у 2014 р. угоди про асоціацію з ЄС. Для України, евристичним є приклад розширення Європейського Союзу у 2004 році, бо напрацьований механізм прийняття нових учасників є актуальним і на сьогодні. Ключовими складовими частинами алгоритму підготовки країни ставали економічні перетворення, демократизація управління країною, підвищення енергоефективності, синхронізація правових норм з ЄС.

Social protection plays a central role in achieving several of the social and environmental goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. As a result, this policy area is gaining increased recognition at the nexus of global climate change and development debates. Various social protection instruments are deemed to have the potential to increase the coping, adaptive and transformative capacities of vulnerable groups to face the impacts of climate change, facilitate a just transition to a green economy and help achieve environmental protection objectives, build intergenerational resilience and address non-economic climate impacts. Nevertheless, many developing countries that are vulnerable to climate change have underdeveloped social protection systems that are yet to be climate proofed. This can be done by incorporating climate change risks and opportunities into social protection policies, strategies and mechanisms. There is a large financing gap when it comes to increasing social protection coverage, establishing national social protection floors and mainstreaming climate risk into the sector. This necessitates substantial and additional sources of financing. This briefing paper discusses the current and future potential of the core multilateral climate funds established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in financing social protection in response to climate change. It further emphasises the importance of integrating social protection in countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to access climate finance and provides recommendations for governments, development cooperation entities and funding institutions. To date, investments through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for integrating climate change considerations into social protection programmes, policies and mechanisms are generally lacking, even though social transfers and subsidies have often been used to implement climate change projects. Yet, these climate funds can support governments in mainstreaming climate risk into social protection-related development spheres and aligning social security sectoral objectives with national climate and environmental strategies. This, in turn, can help countries increase their capacity to tackle the social and intangible costs of climate change. This paper makes the following recommendations: Funding institutions should make explicit reference to opportunities for financing projects on social protection under their mitigation and risk management portfolios. National governments and international cooperation entities should use climate funds to invest in strengthening social protection systems, work towards improved coordination of social protection initiatives, and utilise the potential of NDCs for climate-proofing the social protection sector. Proponents of social protection should make the most of two major opportunities to boost climate action in the social protection domain: the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) and the momentum to build back better after the COVID-19 crisis.

The goal of research is to develop recommendations for improving the mechanism of income taxation in Russia, taking into account the best foreign practices.The framework of studies was the monographic method and the method of comparative analysis of statistics and legislative documents of the financial authorities of Russia and leading foreign countries, as well as methods of modeling and generalization of the results.The necessity of strengthening the social function of income taxation is substantiated. A comparative analysis of modern taxation of personal income in Russia and abroad is carried out. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the main share of this tax is provided by taxing the incomes of the poorest segments of the population, which contradicts the principles of fair taxation.To improve the mechanism of taxation of incomes of Russian citizens, the experience of leading foreign countries in the application of a progressive scale, family taxation, the establishment of a tax-free minimum (allowance) and tax deductions was used. Particular attention is paid to introducing a tax-free minimum into the mechanism for applying standard deductions taking into account the cost of living.

In the critical situation of the global COVID-19 pandemic in which we are currently, it is good to look at history and see how the population of Varna coped with the suppression of epidemics after the Liberation with the means and capabilities of the then-existing medicine and health care.Prior to the Liberation in 1878, the country had often been hit by major epidemics of cholera, plague, and malaria. The reasons were: bad hygienic conditions, lack of sanitary control over the infectious diseases, untimely treatment of the diseased. As a port city, major military units would gather and the lack of supervision over the infectious diseases led to mass epidemics which took the lives of thousands. Immediately after the Liberation, the Bulgarian medical community realized the necessity of immediate measures and organization of anti-epidemic initiatives.The objective of this report is to historically research the first measures undertaken for the solution of public problems regarding dealing with epidemics, decrease of mortality rates and determining their significance for the improvement of the population's health in Varna during the period reviewed.Performed is a review of archived documents and historical analysis of the first anti-epidemic initiatives in Varna. The results are part of a broader research, which indicates that for the period from 1902 to 1910 infectious diseases have decreased 10 times. Taking timely and adequate measures in the fight against infectious diseases leads to the improvement of public health.

Globalization challenges the state-centric realist view of space and authority within International Relations. Using multifaceted concepts of territoriality and non-territoriality, this article goes into three versions of current territorial fragmentation or connectivity – deterritorialization, extraterritorialization and reterritorialization. They are to enable us to reveal the proliferation of globally relevant social and power dynamics above, below and within the state domain. At the same time, they are to illuminate the ambivalent role of states played in an era of global interconnectedness.

This discussion paper aims to further awareness of opportunities to address loss and damage caused by climate change-related slow onset events (SOEs) through social protection. The analysis is based on a review of interdisciplinary theoretical and empirical literature. The findings suggest that designing comprehensive, climate-responsive social protection strategies can strongly support proactive measures to avoid, minimise and address the complex, long-term impacts of SOEs on human health, livelihoods, poverty and inequality. This entails improving the effectiveness and extending the coverage of existing social protection systems; mainstreaming climate concerns, including risks associated with SOEs, into national social protection frameworks; integrating social protection with broader climate and development policies and strategies; and developing innovative and transformational approaches to social protection. To this end, several issues for research and policy are discussed. Overall, the paper attempts to set the groundwork for an advanced research and policy agenda on social protection and climate change as well as emphasise the need for wider consideration of social protection in global climate change debates. In addition, the study aims to inform the future work of the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts in the working areas of SOEs and comprehensive risk management approaches.

The article discusses current state and prospects for development of tourism statistics as a branch of statistical science. The author examines particular features of statistical survey in tourism and suggests the model of integrated tourism statistics system. Stages and prospective directions of tourism statistics research in the Russian Federation are pointed out.