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In October 1978, diverse members of the West Berlin Left founded the Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz (Alternative Ballot for Democracy and Environmental Protection, AL). This article examines the origins and evolution of the AL. Initially, the new political organization fundamentally opposed the parliamentary system. Within three years, however, the AL won a significant presence in the West Berlin Parliament, and in 1989, the party joined the Social Democrats in governing West Berlin. The AL's parliamentary participation had a moderating, integrative effect on the party and its members. From the late 1970s through the end of the 1980s, a significant segment of the radical West German Left grew to accept parliamentary democracy, demonstrating the strength of the Federal Republic.

Escala gráfica ademas de 2.000 Military Steps 2 1/2 fet each [= 7,4 cm] . Orientado con lis en cuadrante ; Relieve representado por normales ; En el ángulo superior derecho: '11' ; Relación de la posicion de los tres ejércitos indicada mediante clave cromática ; Reproducción en ferroprusiato

Escala gráfica ademas de 2.000 Military Steps 2 1/2 fet each [= 7,4 cm] . Orientado con lis en cuadrante ; Relieve representado por normales ; En el ángulo superior derecho: '11' ; Relación de la posicion de los tres ejércitos indicada mediante clave cromática ; Reproducción en ferroprusiato

Russia has deployed cyber operations to interfere in foreign elections, launch disinformation campaigns, and cripple neighboring states - all while maintaining a thin veneer of deniability and avoiding strikes that cross the line into acts of war. How should a targeted nation respond? In Russian Cyber Operations, Scott Jasper dives into the legal and technical maneuvers of Russian cyber strategies, proposing that nations develop solutions for resilience to withstand future attacks. Jasper examines the place of cyber operations within Russia's asymmetric arsenal and its use of hybrid and information warfare, considering examples from recent French and US presidential elections and the 2017 NotPetya mock ransomware attack, among others. Jasper shows the international effort to counter these operations through sanctions and indictments has done little to alter Moscow's behavior and instead proposes that nations use data correlation technologies in an integrated security platform to establish a more resilient defense.

The European Red List consists of a selection of 436 saproxylic beetles native to Europe or naturalised in Europe before AD 1500. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe and for the 27 Member States of the European Union. Overall nearly 11% of the assessed saproxylic beetles are considered threatened in all Europe, while at the EU 27 level, 14% are threatened. A further 13% of saproxylic beetles are considered Near Threatened. However, for more than a quarter (28%) of the species, there were not enough scientific information to evaluate their risk of extinction and they were classified as Data Deficient. Almost 14% of the species assessed have declining populations. Approximately 27% are thought to be more or less stable, and only 2% are increasing. The population trend for 249 species (57%) remains unknown. Saproxylic beetles in Europe are mainly threatened by habitat loss in relation to logging and wood harvesting and the decline of veteran trees throughout the landscape, as well as the lack of land management targeted at promotion of recruitment of new generations of trees. It is hoped that the results of this Red List will stimulate research, monitoring and conservation action of saproxylic beetles at the local, regional and international levels.

The European Red List consists of a selection of 436 saproxylic beetles native to Europe or naturalised in Europe before AD 1500. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe and for the 27 Member States of the European Union. Overall nearly 11% of the assessed saproxylic beetles are considered threatened in all Europe, while at the EU 27 level, 14% are threatened. A further 13% of saproxylic beetles are considered Near Threatened. However, for more than a quarter (28%) of the species, there were not enough scientific information to evaluate their risk of extinction and they were classified as Data Deficient. Almost 14% of the species assessed have declining populations. Approximately 27% are thought to be more or less stable, and only 2% are increasing. The population trend for 249 species (57%) remains unknown. Saproxylic beetles in Europe are mainly threatened by habitat loss in relation to logging and wood harvesting and the decline of veteran trees throughout the landscape, as well as the lack of land management targeted at promotion of recruitment of new generations of trees. It is hoped that the results of this Red List will stimulate research, monitoring and conservation action of saproxylic beetles at the local, regional and international levels.