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Until the 19th cent, Mohammedanism was perfectly suited to the needs of primitive African societies. The intrusion, along with Christianity, of a dynamic civilization in a closed static civilization, brought about the destruction of customary structures, & the Africa of today shows more & more the need of a universal religion which will allow the society to become reintegrated at a higher level than that of the ancient tribal & family groups. Christianity may appear to the Africans as a means of overcoming their technical backwardness, though at the same time it is frequently regarded to be an instrument of colonialism & of Western domination. Strictly speaking, Mohammedanism could replace Marxism (which has been accepted as an area of intellectual inquiry, but has been rejected as an ideology because of its European & atheistic attributes), if it did not; itself, tend to become an instrument of Arab, & especially of Egyptian, neo-colonialism As a result, it is not impossible that Africa will move in a 3rd direction, toward a pantribal, neo-paganism, which might be capable of giving rise to a kind of African national socialism. Such a development would be based upon racial rather than class struggle, & would present all the dangers of a totalitarian system that includes.both religion & politics at the same time. Tr by J. A. Broussard.

19 April 2022 A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01141-w ; [Abstract] Computing the product of the (binary) adjacency matrix of a large graph with a real-valued vector is an important operation that lies at the heart of various graph analysis tasks, such as computing PageRank. In this paper, we show that some well-known webgraph and social graph compression formats are computation-friendly, in the sense that they allow boosting the computation. We focus on the compressed representations of (a) Boldi and Vigna and (b) Hernández and Navarro, and show that the product computation can be conducted in time proportional to the compressed graph size. Our experimental results show speedups of at least 2 on graphs that were compressed at least 5 times with respect to the original. ; We thank Cecilia Hernández for providing us with her software extracting the bicliques, and a helpful description in how to run it. This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie [grant agreement No 690941], namely while the first author was visiting the University of Chile, and while the second author was affiliated with the University of Helsinki and visiting the University of A Coruña. The first author was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) [grant number UIDB/50021/2020 and PTDC/CCI-BIO/29676/2017]; the second author was funded by the Academy of Finland [Grant number 268324], Fondecyt [Grant number 1171058] and NSERC [Grant number RGPIN-07185-2020]; the third author was funded by JSPS KAKENHI [grant numbers JP21K17701 and JP21H05847]; the fourth author was funded by AEI and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PGE and FEDER) [grant number PID2019-105221RB-C41] and Xunta de Galicia (co-funded with FEDER) [Grant numbers ED431C 2021/53 and ED431G 2019/01]; and the fifth author was funded by ANID – Millennium Science Initiative Program – Code ICN17_002 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2021/53 ...

Objective. Local government officials closed the Central Methadone Clinic (CMT) in Miami, FL on 31 May 1997. This study examined the economic consequences & related costs of closing this long-established substance abuse treatment program. Methods. Economic consequences were determined through a comparative analysis of patient status at baseline & one year following treatment cessation for Miami clients, relative to a comparison group in Jacksonville, FL that had continued access to a publicly funded methadone treatment clinic. Outcome measures included health-care utilization, addiction treatment, employment income, & crime. Bivariate & multivariate analyses were conducted to estimate differences in consequences & related costs. Results. Total cost as well as the cost for each category (except for addiction treatment) were statistically similar for both groups. Conclusions. Clients at the CMT did not generate significant economic consequences/costs for taxpayers or society in general during the year following closure relative to clients at a comparison clinic. 4 Tables, 48 References. Adapted from the source document.