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This article will review the enviro-conflict field and evaluate the central tenets of the research subject as they have been forwarded and explored by various academics since the late 1980s. The argument is presented in three sections. Part one will focus on the first of the two debates, the theoretical dilemma, exploring its overarching question: are environmental concerns equivalent to security concerns, or do they fall into a separate subcategory altogether? Part two will explore the second debate-the practical/methodological dilemma-and will explore its overarching question: are there causal links between the two variables, and if so, how are we to accurately operationalize their occurrence, measure their strengths, and identify their causal mechanisms? Part three of the article will then build upon the lessons of these two evaluations, proposing a set of guidelines for further practical and analytical development within the enviro-conflict field. Adapted from the source document.

No modern nation-state has had as stable an historical legacy as that of Switzerland. In a world of explosive national and international discord, of recurring genocidal hatred, of chronic violence and ethno-cultural war, the Swiss example offers a light onto others, a veritable living political manuscript, outlining the historical methods that allow for the construction of highly stable and functioning multi-ethnic nation-states. Unlocking the Swiss case, then, provides us with the theoretical keys that will be necessary for avoiding "the coming anarchy" of the post-Cold War Era. The essay presents both an exploration of the historical development of Swiss nationalism and an evaluation of whether or not the Swiss example of post-primordial civic nationalism can act as an ideal model for others in Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. From the historical dialogue, three primary circumstances have guided the development of a stable national foundation in Switzerland; (1) the threat of an external 'alien other', (2) elite accommodation and consociation of the national project, and (3) an innate willingness and desire to behave and be governed as a unitary, yet multi-ethnic, nation. The conclusions suggest that while the Swiss case is necessarily an end-result of unique historical happenstance, the variables of stability are nevertheless universal and can be replicated by others living in distinct historical eras and geographical proximities. The lessons are of great value, then, to modern nationbuilding projects in Iraq, Sri Lanka, Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, Ireland/England, Spain and even in Canada.

Born in a landed gentry family of Leicestershire, Robert Burton (Lindley, 1577 – Oxford, 1640) will follow the footsteps of his older brother, the antiquarian William Burton, moving to Oxford to pursue his humanistic education. In 1599, six years after his matriculation in Brasenose College, he is elected a "life fellow" of Christ Church, the college where he will spend most of his days in a life he describes, in a mixt of disappointment and resignation, as «silent, sedentary, solitary» (AM I, p. 17). Later, already pronounced bachelor of divinity (1614), he becomes vicar of St Thomas' Church in Oxford (1616) and rector of Seagrave in Leicestershire (1630), minor positions he understood as the consequence of the increasing distancing of the scholars towards the centres of decision. That malcontent sentiment, well expressed in his life's project, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), is essential to understand Burton's exploration of the congenital and adventitious manifestations of what had became a fashionable disease enabling, parallel to the encyclopaedic presentation of melancholy's medical and philosophical dimensions, both a stringent critique of his own society and the utopian project of its reformation. In that sense, the frequent categorization of the Anatomy as a mapping of the inner landscape, in counterpointed with Bacon's mathematization of the "external" world, may obliterate how melancholy provides a viewpoint on every scientific discipline, but also the transformative aims of the book. Beginning with the adoption of the persona of Democritus Junior, Burton indicates a deliberate retreat from the world which, in manner of the Abderian Democritus, allows incursions to the city's harbour to «laugh heartily» at the vanities of its citizens. His growing discontent with patronage and political power, will lead him to convert his book into a public podium that allows his observation of the ways of the world, a venting of the spleen which, under the guise of satirical and ironical amusement, has a serious ...

National audience ; Climate change will have important effects on forests and forestry in France. Other effects will be brought by public policies in charge of climate change adaptation and mitigation, which have already taken place in France, in Europe and in the world. These different effects are reviewed, and their consequences on sustainable forest management are analysed. Finally, a new systemic approach of forests and their products is proposed, a "cascade approach" from the seedling to the boiler, in order to optimize their ecological, economical and social benefits in producing wood, renewable materials and, finally, renewable energy. ; Cet article présente les grands enjeux auxquels les forêts françaises tempérées sont exposées, du fait du changement climatique d'une part, et des politiques d'adaptation et d'atténuation mises en oeuvre jusqu'ici en France, en Europe et dans le monde. Il revisite la notion de multifonctionnalité des forêts et celle de gestion durable, en les confrontant à ces nouveaux enjeux, et appelle à une nouvelle vision systémique de la forêt et des filières qu'elle approvisionne, afin d'élaborer une stratégie forestière nouvelle, "en cascade", visant à optimiser les bénéfices carbone de la forêt et de ses produits, du plant juvénile à la chaudière.

Cet article présente les grands enjeux auxquels les forêts françaises tempérées sont exposées, du fait du changement climatique d'une part, et des politiques d'adaptation et d'atténuation mises en oeuvre jusqu'ici en France, en Europe et dans le monde. Il revisite la notion de multifonctionnalité des forêts et celle de gestion durable, en les confrontant à ces nouveaux enjeux, et appelle à une nouvelle vision systémique de la forêt et des filières qu'elle approvisionne, afin d'élaborer une stratégie forestière nouvelle, "en cascade", visant à optimiser les bénéfices carbone de la forêt et de ses produits, du plant juvénile à la chaudière. ; Climate change will have important effects on forests and forestry in France. Other effects will be brought by public policies in charge of climate change adaptation and mitigation, which have already taken place in France, in Europe and in the world. These different effects are reviewed, and their consequences on sustainable forest management are analysed. Finally, a new systemic approach of forests and their products is proposed, a "cascade approach" from the seedling to the boiler, in order to optimize their ecological, economical and social benefits in producing wood, renewable materials and, finally, renewable energy.

High-temperature superconductivity has transformed solid state science, however there is no single accepted theory to explain its origin. This book introduces the strong-coupling or bipolaron theory and is aimed at researchers and academics. It provides a thorough and balanced overview of the theory, discussing experimental observations, applications and alternative theories --

Climate change mitigation targets have put pressure to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings. Commonly adopted measures to decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of historical buildings are targeted at improving their energy efficiency through insulating the building envelope, and upgrading their heating, cooling and lighting systems. However, there are complex issues that arise when mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. For instance, preserving the authenticity of heritage buildings, maintaining their traditional passive behaviours, and choosing adaptive solutions compatible with the characteristics of heritage materials to avoid an acceleration of decay processes. It is thus important to understand what the enablers, or the barriers, are to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings to meet climate change mitigation targets. This paper investigates how climate change mitigation is considered in the management and preservation of the built heritage through semi-structured interviews with cultural heritage experts from the UK, Italy and Norway. Best-practice approaches for the refurbishment of historical buildings with the aim of decreasing their energy consumption are presented, as perceived by the interviewees, as well as the identification of the enablers and barriers in mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. The findings emphasise that adapting the cultural built heritage to reduce GHG emissions is challenging, but possible if strong and concerted action involving research and government can be undertaken to overcome the barriers identified in this paper. ; publishedVersion ; © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).