Suchergebnisse

Uncovers the Italian peninsula's legacy as a bridge between Europe, North Africa and the Middle EastTraces the stories of families from the Italian peninsula as they navigated culture and conflict in the shared pursuit of commercial exchangeAnalyses of the lives of the Pisans, Genoese, Venetians, Florentines, Livornans, the so-called Levantines (gli levantini), and the Risorgimento-era Italian citizensSheds lights on how present-day Europe, especially Italy, is still coming to terms with its past connections with the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia in debates about EU trade agreements, borders, immigration, politics and culture Italy and the Islamic World tells the story of how Italian cities have been centres of international exchange for centuries, linking Europe with the most storied marketplaces of the Middle East and North Africa. From the Ancient Roman period and the Renaissance to the rise of the Italian Republic, Italy has been a global crossroads for more than two millennia. In Ali Humayun Akhtar's new picture of European history, Italy's debates about trade with its southern neighbours evoke an earlier era of encounters – one that sheds light on where the EU is heading today.Beginning with the fall of Ancient Rome and the rise of the Papal State, Ali Humayun Akhtar traces the stories of merchants and diplomats among the peninsula's Pisans, Genoese, Venetians, Florentines and Livornans as they navigated cultural difference in pursuit of commerce and adventure. Their stories offer a colourful picture of the connections between the peninsula and the Islamic world that survived the turmoil of Napoleon's conquests and two World Wars. By the 20th century, following the Italian Unification (Risorgimento), Livorno and Cairo became cultural centres of Italian-speaking Roman Catholic, Greek and Jewish communities who navigated democratic revolutions and new discourses around nationhood

This article is concerned with tracing an onto-epistemological break through the archeology of colonial penal law, whereby a historical restructuring of the "visible" and the "articulable" produces modern ways of "seeing" and "knowing." This epistemic break will be investigated through eighteenth and nineteenth century "Regulation" of Islamic sharīʿa penal law by British administrators of the East India Company in colonial Bengal. The juridico-discursive body, which came to be known as Anglo-Muhammadan law, will be analyzed through court records compiled by Company jurists and their Regulations modifying sharīʿa jurisprudence. Islamic penal law is based on hermeneutical practices of juridical reasoning formed through particular ways of seeing, knowing, and verifying the truth through eye-witness and testimony. In this article I will show that when the British commandeered this system of justice towards their own ends, the regulatory changes they instituted inadvertently brought about visual transformations of the ways in which legal life-worlds of the colony come to be recorded, articulated, and expressed. Under the British administration of colonial Bengal, this dual-process of appropriation and subversion of the law took shape through translation and transliteration of fiqh treatises, to legal amendments and sweeping legislations in substantive law. This process not only provided colonial power access to the bodies of colonial subjects, but also conditioned the relations between criminality, visuality, and juridical veridiction through penal legislation. As this article will show, the East India Company's regulation of Islamic penal law began incorporating modern forms of evidentiary proofs, indexicality, and documentary formats that restructured the lifeworld of colonial law in 19th century Bengal.

Governance system of any country let it clear to the other nations about the socio-economic culture and economic development of it. In the world, there are two major governance systems are under the practice: democracy and autocracy. Pakistan is one among very few countries who came into being on the name of religion. And according to its constitution it is a democratic country but unfortunately it remains governed by army or civil autocratic. Keeping in mind the same context, this study was designed. In addition, Pakistan is the second biggest country whose more than 60% population is based on the youth. So, study's major focus is on youth's and especially the youth which is the part of universities and with their perception, it was determined whether they percept Pakistan as a democratic country or autocratic? To achieve the aim of the study, quantitative research design was adopted, and survey technique was used. The study is delimited to southern Punjab region of Pakistan. All public sector universities of this region were the population of the study. By adopting multistage sampling technique, from each university 10 departments and from each department 10 (05 male and 05 female) students were targeted. A self-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaire have three parts and each part is analyzed separately. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS (Version 21). The study has meaningful results and findings.