Introduction -- A conceptual overview of the National Security State -- The evolution of Pakistan's national security state during the Cold War era -- Pakistan's military-centred national security approach and the Post-Cold War Era -- The long shadow of Pakistan's military-centred national security approach: the case of the Kashmir Dispute 1989- -- Pakistan's strategic considerations and regional stability in South Asia: a case of Pakistan's participation in the global war on terror -- Explaining Pakistan's strategic limitations: structural issues facing Islamabad's national security state.
Climate change has put the planet earth on high risk due to flash, riverine flooding and droughts. Unprecedented frequent flooding, hurricanes, droughts and heavy snowfalls can be witnessed in the past few decades. Now no country can declare itself safe from the negative impacts of changing climate. To reduce the risk of potential damages, vulnerability and risk assessment can give a clear picture of a particular region regarding a specific hazard. It will help the administration to address those areas which are highly at risk due to a certain hazard so as to minimize collateral damages in future.
In Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Nowshera was one of the most affected districts. It has destroyed building stock, livestock and crops in most parts of the district. To minimize these losses in future, this research has been carried out to assess the current condition of building stock in Nowshera Cantt and Nowshera City area. This research explores in detail the building stock vulnerability and associated risk. This research has found that the flood reoccurrence time period is 7 years for zone 1and 7. While other zones 2, 3,4,5,6,8 and 9 have 81 years of reoccurrence time period. Based on the physical vulnerability, this research found that there are five types of buildings in the study area. Vulnerability of Type 1 to 5 are varying from strong to weak according to its structures having RCC roof, strong walls, plain concrete / tiles floor. Flood risk map has been produced on the basis of flood frequency and typology of high frequency structures in that particular area. The research explicitly shows different areas in risk map according to the level of risk i.e. from low to high risk zones. This research has found that binding material is the major factor in structural damages in the study area.
Climate change is a high matter of concern for every living being on this planet earth. This research paper explores the perception of Pakistani journalists related to media and climate coverage issues in Pakistan. The results of this paper are based on ten qualitative interviews of the journalists purposively selected from mainstream media in Pakistan covering climate issues. The journalists were of the opinion that lack of resources, old equipment, and poor human skill result in faulty measurements and information which leads to drawbacks in reporting authentic climate change. But fortunately, the actors associated with climate journalism are very well aware of their responsibilities and role.
The study aimed to investigate the effects of the Mastery Learning Model (MLM) on students academic achievement in the subject of mathematics at secondary school level in the urban and rural areas of Mardan district, province Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. It was a quasi-experimental study. The experimental design of the study was pre-test post-test non-equivalent group design. Two public schools from district Mardan were selected purposively. The students of grade 9th from these schools participated in this study. The number of participants was 214. Experimental groups were taught through MLM and control groups were exposed to the Conventional Method of Teaching (CMT). The instruments used for data collection were academic achievement tests. The data were analyzed through an independent sample t-test. The result declared that the performance of the students experimental groups was better than those of the control groups. It was concluded that MLM enhanced academic achievement of students in urban and rural areas of district Mardan
The objective of this study was finding the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement. 384 students from secondary and high secondary school participated in this study. A significant relationship was found between academic achievement and Emotional Intelligence with the p-value = 0.01. The mean difference in emotional intelligence score of the students who secured high academic scores were found high. i.e. 58.57 as compared to the mean of emotional intelligence score of the students who secured low academic scores i.e. 56.93. A significant correlation was also found between Emotional Intelligence and academic scores(r=0.130). The results of the study suggest that higher emotional intelligence leads to better educational outcomes. An individual with a high level of Emotional Intelligence could have a strong, stable, and positive state of emotional well-being. Students who have a positive state of emotional wellbeing are more open to new experiences, which research has shown to lead to more learning.
The objective of this study was finding the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement. 384 students from secondary and high secondary school participated in this study. A significant relationship was found between academic achievement and Emotional Intelligence with the p-value = 0.01. The mean difference in emotional intelligence score of the students who secured high academic scores were found high. i.e. 58.57 as compared to the mean of emotional intelligence score of the students who secured low academic scores i.e. 56.93. A significant correlation was also found between Emotional Intelligence and academic scores(r=0.130). The results of the study suggest that higher emotional intelligence leads to better educational outcomes. An individual with a high level of Emotional Intelligence could have a strong, stable, and positive state of emotional well-being. Students who have a positive state of emotional wellbeing are more open to new experiences, which research has shown to lead to more learning.
Lingo society undergoes versatile changes in the arena of Reading strategies. The present study investigates differences of these strategies, evolves the research avowal "The Reciprocal Reading Strategy to improve Reading comprehension in self-directed learning". The strategy applied to check the improvement was; "RRS", a structured method of guided reading. RRS and CRM were applied to see the differences of strategies; in English subject. It was experimental study.200 Students from the District Mardan were selected through stratified random sampling technique. G1 was taught with RRS while G2 was taught by using CRM. From pretest it was found that both groups proficiency level are same as the target strategy (RRS) stood stagnant being not applied initially. The posttest analysis depicted t- value 11.498; p- value .000 ;G1 scores remains 6.65662 while G2 4.57909 and mean of score differences 9.29000 were at significant level of 0.05 so the null hypothesis was rejected and alternative was accepted
The objective of the research was to dig out the effects of exposure to western television channels among the undergraduate students in Islamabad on their cultural dissatisfaction. The extent of dissatisfaction about Pakistani culture and positive assumptions in favor of western culture was noted. A convenient sampled survey with equal representation of male and female gender was applied. It was found that exposure to western television channels makes an alien world in the minds of audience (t=3.02). A considerable variance in assumption inclined to foreign culture was assessed (β=0.32). Moreover, income and time spent remained the important factors to make the western alien culture a reality.
Pakistan's women educational attainment has been the lowest in the entire South Asia; with women and girls continuing to suffer discrimination in the field of education. This study is designed to examine the linkage between gender disparity in education and Pakistan economic success, using annual secondary data to date range 1980 to 2019. Also the study checked the variables integration order by using Dickey-Fuller and Philip-Peron tests apart from utilizing the ARDL bound test technique for long-run co-integration relationship while the direction of causality were tested by using Granger causality. The analyses reflect that a strong adverse influence on growth was the result to be yielded from gender educational disparity in Pakistan. This finding is based on the empirical interpretation such as women educational attainment at primary and secondary levels, government expenditures on education, total secondary education and male secondary education significantly contribute to growth. However, the associations of population growth, total labor force, male education at primary level and total primary education with growth being significantly negative. This study also found long run pair-wise causality from male and female secondary school attainment separately, male primary education, total primary and total secondary education to economic success.
Media shape public opinion. As a powerful tool of communication, it prioritizes issues and gives them coverage according through editorial judgment. Agendasetting theory explains how media influences the topics in public agenda. In 1968, McCombs and Donald Shaw studied presidential elections of the United States and established a strong relationship between election issue and media coverage. This study has used their theory of agenda setting to explain how two daily newspapers of Pakistan, Dawn and Jang has covered unemployment and energy crisis on their front and back pages during a time period of one year. Content analysis method is applied to investigate the treatment of news in both papers. Findings explain that Jang gave more coverage to these social issues as compared to Dawn. This study recommends more attention to social issues.
