Suchergebnisse

Women's agency in Pakistan is oppressed both in private and public space. The study finds out the usage of cyberspace and cyber culture among university girl students in Mardan. The second objective is to investigate the association of cyberspace and women's agency in promoting women thoughts and challenging male authority. A quantitative cross sectional study design is used with simple random sampling techniques and data are collected through questionnaires from 200 currently enrolled university girl students. Binary logistic regression shows that the odd ratio is 2.271 times higher among frequent social media users to criticize government policies against women rights (P-value .001). Similarly the odd ratio is 3.873 times higher among women frequently using social media for social networking with people without physical involvement (P-value .000). It is concluded that cyberspace empowered women's agency in sharing their issues, thoughts and challenging male authority without occupying physical space.

Girls' education is important for women empowerment and socio-economic development, which is largely ignored in the study area due to socio-cultural factors. The objective of the study is to investigate various socio-cultural factors, which hinder girls' access to higher secondary education in Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Researchers used a quantitative research approach with cross-sectional research design, and data was randomly collected through self-administered questionnaire from 336 presently registered girl students in higher secondary education institutions in the projected area. In the manuscript descriptive univariate statistics with simple frequency and percentages were used while the Pearson Correlation test was applied to draw the strength of association between girls' accessibility to the education institutions and socio-cultural barriers in accessing education institutions. The Pearson Correlation result shows that sons' education is preferred over daughters' education in the study area. Results indicated that early girl marriage restricts girls' access to getting formal education. Civil society and government should raise awareness on girl education.

Piezoelectric ceramics have applications in various electronic devices such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and so on. Most of these devices are manufactured from lead-containing materials because of their excellent electromechanical performance and low cost. However, lead-containing materials are considered as serious threat to the environment and facing restrictions from legislative agencies across the globe. Since last decade, much research efforts have been devoted to produce high-performance lead-free ceramics for industrial applications. Among lead-free candidate materials, bismuth-based perovskite ceramics such as sodium bismuth titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, BNT) are considered potential substitute for lead-based materials because of the Bi3+ and Pb+2 same 6s2 lone pair electronic configuration. This chapter describes the synthesis of BNT particles by different techniques; conventional mixed oxide (CMO) route along with topochemical microcrystal conversion (TMC) methods followed by fabrication of BaZrO3-modified BNT ceramics with a chemical composition of 0.994Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.006BaZrO3 (BNT–BZ) by a conventional solid-state reaction method, its texture development by reactive templated grain growth method using BNT templates, and comparison of the structural and electromechanical properties of the textured and non-textured counterparts.

Indigenous and exotic honey bee species were evaluated for their hygienic behavior in the climatic condition of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Colonies of equal strength from indigenous (Apis cerana) and exotic (Apis mellifera) species were selected for the study. The same colonies were tested in two seasons. Sealed brood were killed with different methods i.e pin killed and freeze killed. The uncapping of cells and brood removal was recorded at different intervals. Significant differences were recorded between hygienic behavior of both species of honey bees. Apis cerana showed significantly superior hygienic behavior than Apis mellifera in both seasons. At different intervals in both species significant differences were recorded. A significant difference was recorded after 12 and 24 hours between the species in both seasons. No significant differences were recorded after 48hours in both species. From the study it is concluded that indigenous honey bee species has superior hygienic behavior than exotic species.

The paper investigates the influence of official development support on Pakistan GDP per capita making use of time series yearly data from 1991 to 1917. ADF has been used for examining the level of integration of the data. After that, ARDL has been used for discovering the short and long-run relationship of the official development assistance and the GDP per capita. The results uncover that official assistance relationship with GDP per capita became negative in the short run in addition to a long-run period. In similar manner inflation also became negatively significant in the short and long run. Additionally, lag GDP per capita is positively significant. Population growth turned positively significant in the long run. In addition, it has become negatively significant in the short-run period of time. Furthermore, the Error Correction coefficient is –0. 83% and remained significant

In this paper the researcher observed about family size, learning achievement and dropout rate of the students at the primary level in Swat, Pakistan. A sample size of 170 respondents was interviewed from the total population of 700 (dropped students). To find out the effect of family size and learning achievement on dropout rate of the students. A logistic regression model was applied. The result indicates that majority of respondent's family size was above ten members and monthly income (4,000-7,000) PKR. Similarly, large family size was found highly significant "P = 0.000" and Low Learning Achievement was significant as "P = 0.011" with dropout from school. The study concludes that out-of-school (large family size) and in-school (low learning achievement) are the major causes of high dropout rate from schools at primary level.

INTRODUCTION: Home delivery is a predominant driver of maternal and neonatal deaths in developing countries. Despite the efforts of international organizations in Pakistan, home childbirth is common in the remote and rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. We studied women's position within the household (socio-economic dependence, maternal health decision making, and social mobility) and its association with the preference for home delivery. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey among 503 ever-married women of reproductive age (15–49 years), who have had childbirth in the last twelve months or were pregnant (more than 6 months) at the time of the interview. A two-stage cluster sampling technique has been used for recruitment. Descriptive and bivariate analyses have been conducted. A binary logistic regression model was calculated to present odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for factor associated with home delivery. RESULTS: An inferior status of women, restrictions in mobility and limited power in decision making related to household purchases, maternal health care, and outdoor socializing are contributing factors of home delivery. Furthermore, women having faced intimate partner violence were much more likely to deliver at home (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.83.3.86, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: We concluded that women are in a position with minimal authority in decision making to access and deliver the baby in any health facility. We recommend that the government should ensure the availability of health facilities in nearby locations to increase institutional deliveries in the study area.

Purification of fifteen NaCl samples from natural and different area in the middle and south of Iraq are prepared and studied the structural characteristics of samples by powder X-ray diffraction analysis at 𝛌=1.542Å. The present work considered the specific activities of naturally occurring radioactive materials in salt samples, which are measured and analyzed using high resolution HPGe system. Also, the radiological parameters have been considered in this work. The average specific concentration (in Bq.kg-1) of the salt samples is found 16.864.92 for 226Ra, 5.972.05 for 232Th and 9.852.8 for 40K, respectively, which are below the national levels, 40Bq.kg-1, 30Bq.kg-1 and 400Bq.kg-1, respectively (UNSCEAR, 2000). Similarly the absorb dose rates are in the range3.71 nGy.h-1 to 12.591nGy.h-1.The measured radiation hazard indices show that the concentrations of these radionuclides in all samples are within the allowable limits.