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YÖK Tez No: 612512 ; Yüksek Lisans ; Dünyadaki kentsel nüfusun önemli ölçüde artması, kamu hizmetlerinin, kentsel yol ağının, daha fazla park etme, sağlık hizmetlerinin, eğitimin, elektriğin yüksek talebi ile ilgili olarak hükümetler ve şehirlerin mevcut yönetimi için büyük bir zorlayıcı olmuştur. çevre vb. akıllı şehirlerin modern konsepti, bu önemli sorunları sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya izin vermek ve sunmak için akıllı hizmetleri daha hızlı, daha güvenilir ve daha güvenli bir şekilde sunarak, bu önemli sorunları en verimli ve düşük maliyetli bir şekilde çözmek için inovasyon stratejilerinden biri olduğuna inanılmaktadır. akıllı vatandaşlara akıllı yaşam, akıllı ekonomi ve akıllı çevre. Bu tezde, akıllı şehirlerin tanımının gerçekte ne olduğunu vurgulayan genel bir konsept sunacağız. Son olarak, kentin akıllı şehir olarak kabul edilip edilmediğini sınıflandırmak için kullanılan üç S-Boyutunun tüm detaylarını açıklayacağız. ; The considerable increase of the urban population around the world has been a great challenging to the governments and the existing management of the cities with regards to the high demand of the public services, urban road network, more parking, health services, education, electricity, environment etc. The modern concept of the smart cities is strongly believed as one of the innovation strategies to solve these major issues in the most efficiency and cost-effective way by delivering the smart services faster, more reliable and safer to allow sustainable development and provide the smart living, smart economy and smart environment to the smart citizens. In this thesis , we will provide the general concept stressing on what the definition of the smart cities actually is. Finally, we will describe in the fully detail of the three S-Dimensions used to classify whether the city considered as the smart city or not.

Abstract
Background
Since the industrial revolution, the contamination of agricultural soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has increasingly become of serious global environmental concern and poses a huge threat to human beings and natural ecosystems. Microbial degradation is a proved technology mostly used to depollute polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in the environment. However, very limited information is available regarding the interaction of earthworms with rice straw on the soil microbial community and the degradation of phenanthrene. This study was performed to enlighten the rice straw and earthworms' interaction on soil bacterial abundance and structure and phenanthrene removal.

Results
Result about functional gene information revealed that both rice straw and earthworm enhanced phenanthrene degradation. Subsequently, both Shannon diversity index (r2 = − 0.8807, p < 0.001) and bacterial 16S rRNA genes (r2 = − 0.7795, p < 0.001) negatively correlated with the remaining phenanthrene concentration in soil. The application of both rice straw and earthworms in soil had the lowest ratio of soil remaining phenanthrene concentration (0.16 ± 0.02), the highest Shannon diversity index (6.45 ± 0.2) and the highest bacterial 16S rRNA genes. This implied that both earthworms and rice straw might improve the phenanthrene metabolism by increasing soil bacteria diversity. The abundance of genera Pseudomonas, Luteimonas, Rhodanobacter, Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Flavobacterium, and Leifsonia was significantly increased in the presence of both earthworms and rice straw and was found to negatively correlate with the remaining phenanthrene concentration in soil.

Conclusion
Based on these results, this study offers clear and strong evidences that the positive interaction between earthworms and rice straw could promote phenanthrene degradation in soil. These finding will improve our understanding on the importance of the natural resources forsaken and how they can interact with the soil macro- and microorganisms to change soil structure and enhance PAH degradation in soil.

The TFM should provide a review of the evaluation of two SMEs' experiences doing business in Egypt. The experiences of the two SMEs will demonstrate the business opportunities and obstacles that engineering and technology-based SMEs face in emerging economies. The two chosen SMEs are different in terms of sector and nationality to provide a good perspective. The first SME is an Egyptian company working in the renewable energy that has a success story collaborating in Egyptian governmental project with Spanish, Chinese and Saudi partners. The second SME is a Canadian company working in the construction sector that is entering the Egyptian market to provide a new construction technology solution using wood and clay as a construction material instead of steel reinforced concrete. Both companies not only share the size or the status of start-up growing to medium but also share the first mover advantage as they both introducing new technologies to the Egyptian market. The TFM will attempt to identify, evaluate and analyse the opportunities and barriers both companies face doing business in Egypt either with public or private sector. The TFM shall provide a review of the evaluation of the two cases through conducting interviews with the companies CEOs, the executive teams, and the clients. At least one specific project for each of the two SMEs will be analysed and reviewed as a case study. The objective is to share the analysis of both companies experiences so future engineering and technology companies, either from the same country or from abroad, interested in working in emerging economies in general or in Egypt specifically can better manage their risks. ; A process to collect and analyze the data about each SME and the chosen project shall be standardized for both. A questionnaire shall be developed and answered by both CEOs through a series of interviews conducted by the TFM author. After collecting the operational / technical, financial data and historical data of both the SMEs and each of their chosen projects, a comparison will be made between the two SMEs to identify any possible patterns of opportunities and barriers. The conclusion of the TFM will be suggesting guidelines for internationalization and growth strategies for engineering and technology-based SMEs considering entering an emerging economy in general or the Egyptian market specifically.

Résumé Dans le cadre d'un modèle d'équilibre général multisectoriel, nous modélisons les écarts de salaires intersectoriels en recourant à la théorie du contrôle imparfait des travailleurs. Le modèle est utilisé pour évaluer l'impact de l'ouverture de l'économie tunisienne sur l'emploi et les salaires. Les principaux perdants sont les travailleurs très qualifiés en raison de leur spécialisation qui réduit leur mobilité à court terme. Nous montrons, par ailleurs, que les résultats diffèrent de ceux obtenus avec un modèle à différentiels de salaires exogènes, en termes d'emplois, mais surtout en termes de distribution des revenus entre les différentes catégories de travailleurs. Cela est dû principalement à l'arbitrage salaires/emplois différent dans les deux modèles. La variable d'équilibre du marché du travail est le chômage dans le modèle à salaires d'efficience, alors que le salaire moyen constitue la variable d'ajustement dans le modèle à différentiels de salaires exogènes.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between credit market development and economic growth for a heterogeneous panel of 20 developing and developed countries with varied growth experiences. The empirical study is based on estimations of generalized method of moments (GMM) and pooled mean group (PMG) on heterogeneous panel data model. Difference GMM estimation indicates that credit market development has a negative effect on economic growth. This result is robust for our full sample and for the subsample of non‐OECD countries, but not for the subsample of OECD countries. However, using a PMG model, we provide evidence of a positive impact in the long run between credit market development and economic growth. When considering heterogeneity in the short‐run relationship across countries, our findings suggest that the credit–growth relationship is specific across countries, depending on each country‐specific legal and macroeconomic environment.