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The aim of this study is to examine the new trends in the hybridity research area and clarify the convergence of interests of state actors, private actors and civil society actors. Hybridity is perceived as a 'multidimensional phenomenon' and 'new paradigm' in tourism industry. The effective collaboration amongst public sector – private sector – civil society can be attained likelihood with taking into account regional governance and multilevel governance. Hybridity at global governance level covers 'decentration' (supra: centralisation and infra: decentralisation) which includes the nexus of 'voice' (democratic participation) and 'entitlement' (legal-social rights and duties). In this framework, this study explores state and non-state interactions at multiple levels and attempts to clarify how hybridisation provides triple win solution for state actors, private actors and civil society actors related issues in realm of theory/praxis dichotomy. Through enhancing legitimacy and effectiveness of the activities and efforts of non-state actors in the framework of (quasi)indirect centralisation process, states ensure reciprocal understanding. In this study, constructivism was followed as paradigmatic research method.

Book review of: Parlak, Bekir; Caner, Canturk: The Anatolian civilisations and the administrative history of Turkey: state and administration in Anatolian civilisations from early Hittite state to the Persian invasion. Bursa: Ekin Publ. 2013. 978-605-5048-48-8

The Western Balkans integration within the EU has started a legal process which is the rejection of former communist legal/political approaches and the transformation of former communist institutions. Indeed, the EU agenda has brought vertical/horizontal integration and Europeanization of national institutions (i.e. shifting power to the EU institutions and international authorities). At this point, it is very crucial to emphasize the fact that the Western Balkans as a whole region has currently an image that includes characteristics of both the Soviet Socialism and the European democracy. The EU foreign policies and enlargement strategy for Western Balkans have significant effects on four core factors (i.e. Schengen visa regulations, remittances, asylum and migration as an aggregate process). The convergence/divergence of EU member states' priorities for migration policies regulate and even shape directly the migration dynamics in migrant sender countries. From this standpoint, the research explores how main migration factors are influenced by political and judicial factors such as; rule of law and democracy score, the economic liberation score, political and human rights, civil society score and citizenship rights in Western Balkan countries. The proposal of interhybridity explores how the hybridization state and non-state actors within home and host countries can solve labor migration-related problems. Indisputably, hybrid model (i.e. collaboration state and non-state actors) has a catalyst role in terms of balancing social problems and civil society needs. Paradigmatically, it is better to perceive the hybrid model as a combination of communicative and strategic action that means the reciprocal recognition within the model is precondition for significant functionality. This will shape social and industrial relations with moral meanings of communication. Keywords: Interhybridity, Migration, Politics, Western Balkans

The Western Balkans integration within the EU has started a legal process which is the rejection of former communist legal/political approaches and the transformation of former communist institutions. Indeed, the EU agenda has brought vertical/horizontal integration and Europeanization of national institutions (i.e. shifting power to the EU institutions and international authorities). At this point, it is very crucial to emphasize the fact that the Western Balkans as a whole region has currently an image that includes characteristics of both the Soviet socialism and the European democracy. The EU foreign policies and enlargement strategy for Western Balkans have significant effects on four core factors (i.e. Schengen visa regulations, remittances, asylum and migration as an aggregate process). The convergence/divergence of EU member states' priorities for migration policies regulate and even shape directly the migration dynamics in migrant sender countries. From this standpoint, the research explores how main migration factors are influenced by political and judicial factors such as; rule of law and democracy score, the economic liberation score, political and human rights, civil society score and citizenship rights in Western Balkan countries. The proposal of interhybridity explores how the hybridization of state and non-state actors within home and host countries can solve labor migration-related problems. The economical and sociopolitical labor-migration model of Basu (2009) is overlapping with the multidimensional empirical framework of interhybridity. Indisputably, hybrid model (i.e. collaboration state and non-state actors) has a catalyst role in terms of balancing social problems and civil society needs. Paradigmatically, it is better to perceive the hybrid model as a combination of communicative and strategic action that means the reciprocal recognition within the model is precondition for significant functionality. This will shape social and industrial relations with moral meanings of communication. ; Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper No. 44056

The Western Balkans integration within the EU has started a legal process which is the rejection of former communist legal/political approaches and the transformation of former communist institutions. Indeed, the EU agenda has brought vertical/horizontal integration and Europeanization of national institutions (i.e. shifting power to the EU institutions and international authorities). At this point, it is very crucial to emphasize the fact that the Western Balkans as a whole region has currently an image that includes characteristics of both the Soviet socialism and the European democracy. The EU foreign policies and enlargement strategy for Western Balkans have significant effects on four core factors (i.e. Schengen visa regulations, remittances, asylum and migration as an aggregate process). The convergence/divergence of EU member states' priorities for migration policies regulate and even shape directly the migration dynamics in migrant sender countries. From this standpoint, the research explores how main migration factors are influenced by political and judicial factors such as; rule of law and democracy score, the economic liberation score, political and human rights, civil society score and citizenship rights in Western Balkan countries. The proposal of interhybridity explores how the hybridization of state and non-state actors within home and host countries can solve labor migration-related problems. The economical and sociopolitical labor-migration model of Basu (2009) is overlapping with the multidimensional empirical framework of interhybridity. Indisputably, hybrid model (i.e. collaboration state and non-state actors) has a catalyst role in terms of balancing social problems and civil society needs. Paradigmatically, it is better to perceive the hybrid model as a combination of communicative and strategic action that means the reciprocal recognition within the model is precondition for significant functionality. This will shape social and industrial relations with moral meanings of communication.

This study investigates transnational relations and global challenges which the European Industrial Relations have been facing recently. The paper, methodologically, was structured with taking into account both socio- political and judicial arguments. The social theory, and ergo, the practice in Europe were analyzed according to Marxist point of view. Basically, industrial relations and employment relationship were examined from the perspectives of employees, employee representatives and nation-states. The influence of the Charter of Fundamental Rights which is legally binding with the Lisbon Treaty (TFEU) was examined. In addition, the effectiveness of the acquis communautaire within the EU was argued with respect to the European Social Model; such as, social dialogue, tripartite and bipartite information exchange and consultation, collective bargaining and legal provisions regarding employment conditions and social protection. The importance of Europeanisation and convergence of national industrial relations was illustrated. Keywords: Industrial Relations, Collective Bargaining, Europeanisation

This study investigates migration flows from Western Balkans and North African countries to the high-income countries of the EU. Migration and asylum issues were analysed with taking into account empirical, analytical and political comparisons of Western Balkans and North African countries from the triple win solution point of view. The research attempts to emphasize Western Balkans migration experience in order to respond how to manage and/or control chaotic migration with respect to North African countries. In a sense, the EU enlargement and neighbourhood policies have significant effects on EU migration Dynamics of demographic change (i.e. ageing population) and convergence/divergence of EU member states' priorities for migration policies. From this standpoint, the role of the triangle (hybridity) – state, private and civil society in migration research ought to be argued to verify whether a controlling migration by an ideal hybrid structure and indirect centralisation will be more effective and accurate or not. The research presents dialectics of triple win approach and hybrid model (i.e. home country-state, host country-private, and civil society migrants) with using governance models. The main argument was tested methodologically through using case study research, grounded theory, constructivist and normative approaches.

This paper presents a comparison analysis among strategic planning and forecasting with considering the nexus in tourism industry. The relationship of modern planning approaches which have recently been evaluated in different dimensions, were analyzed through the use of qualitative research methods. The aim of this article is to examine how planning process influences decision makers, decision practitioners and tourism manager professionals in the tourism industry. Basically, the argument of this article is: the Hybrid Model which means public actors and private actors are equally participating, has an effective role at creating strategies, determining plans and forecasting models. In this context, the analyses illustrate that bilateral interactions cause legitimacy issue in the tourism industry. Albania was used to examine the contribution among state's objectives and strategic plans and private actors in order to achieve common interests and advantages. Published secondary data and online resources were used in order to reinforce the hypothesis. Keywords: tourism planning, forecasting, strategic planning, hybrid model

The aim of this study is to examine collaborative actions and sustainability in the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) industry. A lot of attention was given to the MAPs industry actors and foreign direct investments. Undoubtedly, the development trend of MAPs industry is tightly associated with the supply sources of farmers and gatherers. Overproduction of MAPs products including organic and cultivated products is very much damaging the biodiversity, food industry and environment. The overlapping of common mission, vision and objectives of industrial partners and stakeholders are quite crucial to overcome industrial, environmental and quality issues. The market share of MAPs products has become harshly competitive. Governmental bodies also have some sectoral plans for cultivation of products and intervention to the whole sector. 'Business – academia – society' relationships were argued in order to highlight to what extent scientific investigations and research projects in the MAPs industry can be effective for structuring network database of the whole farmers and gatherers' information, taking the MAPs industry under the control of State's mechanism (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture) through public sector – private sector – civil society collaborations (i.e. agricultural hybridity). Direct contacts and strong ties of corporations with Ministry of Agriculture may influence more flexibly to draw a direction of the herbs and spices industry in general and MAPs products trading in particular. Local stakeholders' engagement and agricultural hybridity are likely to strengthen local villagers and gatherers for combating poverty, ensuring more prosperity, cleaner environment and sustainable development, as well as providing mutual benefits and reciprocal strategic interests in frame of universal business ethics. Moreover, setting up long-range partnerships and cooperation with foreign partners as stakeholders and interest groups of the aggregate production and marketing process affect the sustainability of MAPs industry, significantly. From the corporations' perspective, the main objectives of foreign corporations are as follows: i) bringing the MAPs products in traceability whereby these can be sourced directly from farmers and gatherers through local partners; ii) identifying suppliers who have the necessary cleaning lines with the capability to meet the raw material specifications; iii) in the long run working with local suppliers for establishing grinding facilities to provide the finished products. In this study, case study research and semi-structured interviews were followed in the context of paradigmatic research methodology. The authors assured that the replies of the corporations' representatives were kept confidential. Likewise, the corporations' affiliations were coded in order to undertake the investigation with ethical beliefs and moral conducts.

The aim of our research is to examine the new trends in the hybridity research area and clarify the convergence of interests among state actors, private actors and civil society actors. Hybridity is conceived as a 'multidimensional phenomenon' and 'new paradigm' in tourism industry. The effective collaboration among public sector – private sector – civil society can be attained likelihood with taking into account regional governance and multilevel governance. In this study, it is argued that there is an inter-relationship between hybridity, multilevel governance and decentration.