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Turkish nationalism was established by Muslim Turks as a response to early-20th-century European imperialist policies seeking to interfere in Ottoman affairs by fostering separatism & nationalism among the Christians of the Ottoman Empire. Three ideologies competed for the loyalty of Ottoman subjects during the late empire -- Ottomanism, Islamism, & Turkism. After the Ottomans were defeated in WWI, the Republic was established under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) with the goal of building a strong Turkish nation-state. He did so in part by replacing Islamic institutions with secular ones, even though Islam was predominant among his supporters. Among the Islamic element was one Suleyman Nazif, who was affronted by the Christian European imperialists' wish to "protect' the Christians from the "uncivilized' Muslim Turks. He wrote a satirical anti-Christian polemic as an "Open Letter to Jesus,' followed by a series of letters explaining the position of the Muslims vis-a-vis the western Christians. S. Stanton