Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Background: To reduce social inequities in health, the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommends acting as soon as life begins. In this context, parenting support is promoted as a major lever. The objective of the present research was to develop an intervention theory establishing the conditions for the success of interventions, policies, and organizations supporting parenting in terms of reducing or preventing social inequalities in health for both mother and child in the perinatal period. Methods: To meet these objectives, we conducted a realist evaluation based on a multiple-case study. The study evaluated two border towns in Europe. We collected data from three sources: documentary reviews, focus groups and interviews with professionals, and parental questionnaires. Results: The main results concerning the fight against social inequalities in health show a true willingness on the part of those involved to carry out universal actions, coordinated between professionals and institutions, in response to the demands of parents; however, the reality on the ground shows the complexity of their implementation and the multiplicity of results. Our middle-range theory showed that to be effective in tackling social inequalities in health, actions must address structural determinants at the macro-systemic level. However, the field of realist evaluation shows that it is first and foremost the actions focused on individual behavior that are implemented. While there is a general political desire to combat social inequalities in health in early childhood, the results show that the strategies in place are potentially not the most effective. Effective support actions would respond to individual strategies; however, current approaches target parents' behavior, aiming to empower them but without giving them the means to do so. Conclusions: This research constitutes a body of knowledge gathered for reflection and action. In particular, any perinatal policy should clearly state among its objectives the intention to reduce social inequalities in health. The policy should also state that it will be evaluated according to the criteria of proportionate universalism, interprofessional coordination, and actions based on the diversity of parents' needs.

International audience ; Background: To reduce social inequities in health, the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommends acting as soon as life begins. In this context, parenting support is promoted as a major lever. The objective of the present research was to develop an intervention theory establishing the conditions for the success of interventions, policies, and organizations supporting parenting in terms of reducing or preventing social inequalities in health for both mother and child in the perinatal period. Methods: To meet these objectives, we conducted a realist evaluation based on a multiple-case study. The study evaluated two border towns in Europe. We collected data from three sources: documentary reviews, focus groups and interviews with professionals, and parental questionnaires. Results: The main results concerning the fight against social inequalities in health show a true willingness on the part of those involved to carry out universal actions, coordinated between professionals and institutions, in response to the demands of parents; however, the reality on the ground shows the complexity of their implementation and the multiplicity of results. Our middle-range theory showed that to be effective in tackling social inequalities in health, actions must address structural determinants at the macro-systemic level. However, the field of realist evaluation shows that it is first and foremost the actions focused on individual behavior that are implemented. While there is a general political desire to combat social inequalities in health in early childhood, the results show that the strategies in place are potentially not the most effective. Effective support actions would respond to individual strategies; however, current approaches target parents' behavior, aiming to empower them but without giving them the means to do so. Conclusions: This research constitutes a body of knowledge gathered for reflection and action. In particular, any perinatal policy should ...

International audience ; Background: To reduce social inequities in health, the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommends acting as soon as life begins. In this context, parenting support is promoted as a major lever. The objective of the present research was to develop an intervention theory establishing the conditions for the success of interventions, policies, and organizations supporting parenting in terms of reducing or preventing social inequalities in health for both mother and child in the perinatal period. Methods: To meet these objectives, we conducted a realist evaluation based on a multiple-case study. The study evaluated two border towns in Europe. We collected data from three sources: documentary reviews, focus groups and interviews with professionals, and parental questionnaires. Results: The main results concerning the fight against social inequalities in health show a true willingness on the part of those involved to carry out universal actions, coordinated between professionals and institutions, in response to the demands of parents; however, the reality on the ground shows the complexity of their implementation and the multiplicity of results. Our middle-range theory showed that to be effective in tackling social inequalities in health, actions must address structural determinants at the macro-systemic level. However, the field of realist evaluation shows that it is first and foremost the actions focused on individual behavior that are implemented. While there is a general political desire to combat social inequalities in health in early childhood, the results show that the strategies in place are potentially not the most effective. Effective support actions would respond to individual strategies; however, current approaches target parents' behavior, aiming to empower them but without giving them the means to do so. Conclusions: This research constitutes a body of knowledge gathered for reflection and action. In particular, any perinatal policy should ...

BACKGROUND: To reduce social inequities in health, the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommends acting as soon as life begins. In this context, parenting support is promoted as a major lever. The objective of the present research was to develop an intervention theory establishing the conditions for the success of interventions, policies, and organizations supporting parenting in terms of reducing or preventing social inequalities in health for both mother and child in the perinatal period. METHODS: To meet these objectives, we conducted a realist evaluation based on a multiple-case study. The study evaluated two border towns in Europe. We collected data from three sources: documentary reviews, focus groups and interviews with professionals, and parental questionnaires. RESULTS: The main results concerning the fight against social inequalities in health show a true willingness on the part of those involved to carry out universal actions, coordinated between professionals and institutions, in response to the demands of parents; however, the reality on the ground shows the complexity of their implementation and the multiplicity of results. Our middle-range theory showed that to be effective in tackling social inequalities in health, actions must address structural determinants at the macro-systemic level. However, the field of realist evaluation shows that it is first and foremost the actions focused on individual behavior that are implemented. While there is a general political desire to combat social inequalities in health in early childhood, the results show that the strategies in place are potentially not the most effective. Effective support actions would respond to individual strategies; however, current approaches target parents' behavior, aiming to empower them but without giving them the means to do so. CONCLUSIONS: This research constitutes a body of knowledge gathered for reflection and action. In particular, any perinatal policy should clearly state among its ...

International audience ; En France, l'idée que le vaccin contre le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) ait pu être associé au développement de pathologies démyélinisantes a largement circulé. Par suite, après une phase initiale d'excellente adhésion de la population à cette recommandation vaccinale, la couverture vaccinale a chuté pour devenir l'une des plus basses parmi les pays recommandant cette vaccination. Nous avons étudié les facteurs limitant l'utilisation du vaccin anti-VHB par les médecins généralistes, acteurs importants de cette vaccination. Nous avons conduit une enquête auprès de 2175 généralistes libéraux de France métropolitaine, fondée sur un questionnaire interactif adressé par courriel. Ce questionnaire visait à caractériser la perception du vaccin, les comportements et difficultés pratiques des participants dans le processus de vaccination. Leurs caractéristiques démographiques et conditions d'exercice ont également été recueillies. L'échantillon final compte 341 médecins. Sa représentativité a été vérifiée. La structure des réponses a été explorée par une Analyse des Correspondances Multiples (ACM). Des comportements-type ont été identifiés par une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH). Certaines liaisons entre les réponses ont été recherchées et testées spécifiquement. L'étude montre que : (1) la mobilisation pour la vaccination des nourrissons s'accentue, (2) en comparaison, les rattrapages vaccinaux des adolescents sont moins proposés ; (3) l'utilité de la vaccination systématique est contestée par ¼ de l'échantillon, (4) l'obstacle principal à la vaccination dans l'opinion publique reste la crainte d'effets secondaires du vaccin, (5) parmi les médecins, un excès de précaution dans les prescriptions et des idées fausses sur l'hépatite B et la vaccination limitent celle-ci.

International audience ; En France, l'idée que le vaccin contre le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) ait pu être associé au développement de pathologies démyélinisantes a largement circulé. Par suite, après une phase initiale d'excellente adhésion de la population à cette recommandation vaccinale, la couverture vaccinale a chuté pour devenir l'une des plus basses parmi les pays recommandant cette vaccination. Nous avons étudié les facteurs limitant l'utilisation du vaccin anti-VHB par les médecins généralistes, acteurs importants de cette vaccination. Nous avons conduit une enquête auprès de 2175 généralistes libéraux de France métropolitaine, fondée sur un questionnaire interactif adressé par courriel. Ce questionnaire visait à caractériser la perception du vaccin, les comportements et difficultés pratiques des participants dans le processus de vaccination. Leurs caractéristiques démographiques et conditions d'exercice ont également été recueillies. L'échantillon final compte 341 médecins. Sa représentativité a été vérifiée. La structure des réponses a été explorée par une Analyse des Correspondances Multiples (ACM). Des comportements-type ont été identifiés par une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH). Certaines liaisons entre les réponses ont été recherchées et testées spécifiquement. L'étude montre que : (1) la mobilisation pour la vaccination des nourrissons s'accentue, (2) en comparaison, les rattrapages vaccinaux des adolescents sont moins proposés ; (3) l'utilité de la vaccination systématique est contestée par ¼ de l'échantillon, (4) l'obstacle principal à la vaccination dans l'opinion publique reste la crainte d'effets secondaires du vaccin, (5) parmi les médecins, un excès de précaution dans les prescriptions et des idées fausses sur l'hépatite B et la vaccination limitent celle-ci.

International audience ; En France, l'idée que le vaccin contre le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) ait pu être associé au développement de pathologies démyélinisantes a largement circulé. Par suite, après une phase initiale d'excellente adhésion de la population à cette recommandation vaccinale, la couverture vaccinale a chuté pour devenir l'une des plus basses parmi les pays recommandant cette vaccination. Nous avons étudié les facteurs limitant l'utilisation du vaccin anti-VHB par les médecins généralistes, acteurs importants de cette vaccination. Nous avons conduit une enquête auprès de 2175 généralistes libéraux de France métropolitaine, fondée sur un questionnaire interactif adressé par courriel. Ce questionnaire visait à caractériser la perception du vaccin, les comportements et difficultés pratiques des participants dans le processus de vaccination. Leurs caractéristiques démographiques et conditions d'exercice ont également été recueillies. L'échantillon final compte 341 médecins. Sa représentativité a été vérifiée. La structure des réponses a été explorée par une Analyse des Correspondances Multiples (ACM). Des comportements-type ont été identifiés par une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH). Certaines liaisons entre les réponses ont été recherchées et testées spécifiquement. L'étude montre que : (1) la mobilisation pour la vaccination des nourrissons s'accentue, (2) en comparaison, les rattrapages vaccinaux des adolescents sont moins proposés ; (3) l'utilité de la vaccination systématique est contestée par ¼ de l'échantillon, (4) l'obstacle principal à la vaccination dans l'opinion publique reste la crainte d'effets secondaires du vaccin, (5) parmi les médecins, un excès de précaution dans les prescriptions et des idées fausses sur l'hépatite B et la vaccination limitent celle-ci.

Acknowledgments The Department of Methodology and Innovation in Prevention at the Teaching Hospital of Bordeaux is partially funded by the Regional Health Agency (Agence Régionale de Santé) of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The Health Economics Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen is funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. We acknowledge Centre de Calcul Intensif d'Aix-Marseille for granting access to its high-performance computing resources. Funding French Public Health Agency (Santé Publique France) ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Research ethics have become universal in their principles through international agreements. The standardization of regulations facilitates the internationalization of research concerning drugs. However, in so-called observational studies (i.e. from data collected retrospectively or prospectively, obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure) the modalities used for applying the main principles vary from one country to another. This situation may entail problems for the conduct of multi-centric international studies, as well as for the publication of results if the authors and editors come from countries governed by different regulations. In particular, several French observational studies were rejected or retracted by US peer-reviewed journals, because their protocols have not been submitted to an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). METHODS: National legislation case analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with European regulation, French observational studies from data obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure, do not need the approval of an IRB/IEC. Nevertheless, these studies are neither exempt from scientific opinion nor from ethical and legal authorization. CONCLUSION: We wish to demonstrate through the study of this example that different bodies of law can provide equivalent levels of protection that respect the same ethical principles. Our purpose in writing this article was to encourage public bodies, scientific journals and researchers to gain a better understanding of the various sets of specific national regulations and to speak a common language.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Research ethics have become universal in their principles through international agreements. The standardization of regulations facilitates the internationalization of research concerning drugs. However, in so-called observational studies (i.e. from data collected retrospectively or prospectively, obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure) the modalities used for applying the main principles vary from one country to another. This situation may entail problems for the conduct of multi-centric international studies, as well as for the publication of results if the authors and editors come from countries governed by different regulations. In particular, several French observational studies were rejected or retracted by US peer-reviewed journals, because their protocols have not been submitted to an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). METHODS: National legislation case analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with European regulation, French observational studies from data obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure, do not need the approval of an IRB/IEC. Nevertheless, these studies are neither exempt from scientific opinion nor from ethical and legal authorization. CONCLUSION: We wish to demonstrate through the study of this example that different bodies of law can provide equivalent levels of protection that respect the same ethical principles. Our purpose in writing this article was to encourage public bodies, scientific journals and researchers to gain a better understanding of the various sets of specific national regulations and to speak a common language.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Research ethics have become universal in their principles through international agreements. The standardization of regulations facilitates the internationalization of research concerning drugs. However, in so-called observational studies (i.e. from data collected retrospectively or prospectively, obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure) the modalities used for applying the main principles vary from one country to another. This situation may entail problems for the conduct of multi-centric international studies, as well as for the publication of results if the authors and editors come from countries governed by different regulations. In particular, several French observational studies were rejected or retracted by US peer-reviewed journals, because their protocols have not been submitted to an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). METHODS: National legislation case analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with European regulation, French observational studies from data obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure, do not need the approval of an IRB/IEC. Nevertheless, these studies are neither exempt from scientific opinion nor from ethical and legal authorization. CONCLUSION: We wish to demonstrate through the study of this example that different bodies of law can provide equivalent levels of protection that respect the same ethical principles. Our purpose in writing this article was to encourage public bodies, scientific journals and researchers to gain a better understanding of the various sets of specific national regulations and to speak a common language.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Research ethics have become universal in their principles through international agreements. The standardization of regulations facilitates the internationalization of research concerning drugs. However, in so-called observational studies (i.e. from data collected retrospectively or prospectively, obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure) the modalities used for applying the main principles vary from one country to another. This situation may entail problems for the conduct of multi-centric international studies, as well as for the publication of results if the authors and editors come from countries governed by different regulations. In particular, several French observational studies were rejected or retracted by US peer-reviewed journals, because their protocols have not been submitted to an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). METHODS: National legislation case analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with European regulation, French observational studies from data obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure, do not need the approval of an IRB/IEC. Nevertheless, these studies are neither exempt from scientific opinion nor from ethical and legal authorization. CONCLUSION: We wish to demonstrate through the study of this example that different bodies of law can provide equivalent levels of protection that respect the same ethical principles. Our purpose in writing this article was to encourage public bodies, scientific journals and researchers to gain a better understanding of the various sets of specific national regulations and to speak a common language.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Research ethics have become universal in their principles through international agreements. The standardization of regulations facilitates the internationalization of research concerning drugs. However, in so-called observational studies (i.e. from data collected retrospectively or prospectively, obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure) the modalities used for applying the main principles vary from one country to another. This situation may entail problems for the conduct of multi-centric international studies, as well as for the publication of results if the authors and editors come from countries governed by different regulations. In particular, several French observational studies were rejected or retracted by US peer-reviewed journals, because their protocols have not been submitted to an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). METHODS: National legislation case analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with European regulation, French observational studies from data obtained without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure, do not need the approval of an IRB/IEC. Nevertheless, these studies are neither exempt from scientific opinion nor from ethical and legal authorization. CONCLUSION: We wish to demonstrate through the study of this example that different bodies of law can provide equivalent levels of protection that respect the same ethical principles. Our purpose in writing this article was to encourage public bodies, scientific journals and researchers to gain a better understanding of the various sets of specific national regulations and to speak a common language.