An epic excursion into one of the last great frontiers on EarthThe deep ocean comprises more than 90 percent of our planet's biosphere and is home to some of the world's most dazzling creatures, which thrive amid extreme pressures, scarce food supplies, and frigid temperatures. Living things down here behave in remarkable and surprising ways, and cutting-edge technologies are shedding new light on these critically important ecosystems. This beautifully illustrated book leads you down into the canyons, trenches, and cold seeps of the watery abyss, presenting the deep ocean and its inhabitants as you have never seen them before.Features a wealth of breathtaking photos, illustrations, and graphicsGives a brief and accessible history of deep-sea explorationExplains the basics of oceanographyCovers a marvelous diversity of undersea organismsDescribes habitats ranging from continental slopes to hydrothermal vents and abyssal plainsDiscusses humanity's impacts on the deep ocean, from fisheries and whaling to global climate change and acidificationWritten by a team of world-class scientists
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Sponsoring organisations of this event: Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, The Regional Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia), The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the Zoological Society of London, the North Pacific Atlantic Organization (PICES), the University of Vigo, the City Council of Vigo and Caixanova. ; Peer reviewed
Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to the Deep Ocean -- Oceanography -- Deep-Sea Organisms -- Habitats -- Global Patterns -- Humanity and the Deep Ocean -- Classification of deep-sea species -- Glossary -- Resources -- Notes on contributors -- Index -- Acknowledgments.
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24 pages, 4 figures, 1 table.-- Data availability: The data underlying this article are available in the GenBank Nucleotide Database at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ and can be accessed with the GenBank accession numbers MW233711–MW233782 and MW255551–MW255585. The FastQ files can be accessed within the GenBank Nucleotide Database with the BioProject accession number PRJNA716134 ; Oceanic squids of the order Oegopsida are ecologically and economically important members of the pelagic environment. They are the most diverse group of cephalopods, with 24 families that are divergent morphologically. Despite their importance, knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among oegopsids is less than that among neritic cephalopods. Here, we provide the complete mitogenomes and the nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal genes for 35 selected oceanic squids, which were generated using genome skimming. We performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses that included 21 of the 24 oegopsid families. In our analyses, the architeuthid, chiroteuthid and enoploteuthid family groups, which have been proposed previously based on morphological and natural history characteristics, were retrieved as monophyletic. The morphologically divergent Cranchiidae formed a well-supported clade with families Ommastrephidae and Thysanoteuthidae, with a unique mitochondrial gene order. The family Lycoteuthidae was revealed as paraphyletic and contained Pyroteuthidae. Thus, the two lycoteuthid subfamilies are herein elevated to family level, increasing the number of oegopsid squid families to 25. In order to describe the diversity and evolutionary trends of oegopsid squids accurately, the superfamilies Architeuthoidea, Chiroteuthoidea, Cranchioidea and Enoploteuthoidea are resurrected from the literature, and the superfamilies Cycloteuthoidea, Octopoteuthoidea and Pholidoteuthoidea are proposed. The phylogenetic positions of Gonatidae, Histioteuthidae and Onychoteuthidae were not stable in our phylogenetic analyses and are not assigned to a superfamily. This study supports the utility of genome skimming to solve the phylogenetic relationships of oceanic squids ; Specimens were collected primarily during the research project MAFIA (CTM2012-39587-C04-03) and BATHYPELAGIC (CTM2016-78853-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/ FEDER/EU). F.Á.F.-Á. was supported by an Irish Research Council–Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (ref. GOIPD/2019/460). M.T. is funded by a PhD fellowship from the Irish Research Council and is supported by the Dr Tony Ryan Research Fund. Support to R.V. was provided by the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the European Commission (SUMMER project, GA-817806) ; Peer reviewed
21 pages, 2 figures, 6 tables, supplementary materials https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/s22041471/s1.-- Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available in this Article and Supplementary Materials ; In order to develop a gripping system or control strategy that improves scientific sampling procedures, knowledge of the process and the consequent definition of requirements is fundamental. Nevertheless, factors influencing sampling procedures have not been extensively described, and selected strategies mostly depend on pilots¿ and researchers¿ experience. We interviewed 17 researchers and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) technical operators, through a formal questionnaire or in-person interviews, to collect evidence of sampling procedures based on their direct field experience. We methodologically analyzed sampling procedures to extract single basic actions (called atomic manipulations). Available equipment, environment and species-specific features strongly influenced the manipulative choices. We identified a list of functional and technical requirements for the development of novel end-effectors for marine sampling. Our results indicate that the unstructured and highly variable deep-sea environment requires a versatile system, capable of robust interactions with hard surfaces such as pushing or scraping, precise tuning of gripping force for tasks such as pulling delicate organisms away from hard and soft substrates, and rigid holding, as well as a mechanism for rapidly switching among external tools ; This research is part of A.M.'s PhD project co-funded by the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples (Italy) and Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa (Italy). The deep-sea research of A.L.A. was supported by Science Foundation Ireland and the Marine Institute under the Investigators Programme Grant Number SFI/15/IA/3100, co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund 2014-2020, and by the Irish National Shiptime Programme. The research of J.A. was funded within the framework of the following project activities: ARIM (Autonomous Robotic sea-floor Infrastructure for benthopelagic Monitoring; MarTERA ERA-Net Cofound); RESBIO (TEC2017-87861-R; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades). J.A. also benefited from funding from the Spanish Government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)
