Suchergebnisse

La salida de Gran Bretaña de la Unión Europea abre un nuevo periodo en el proceso de integración. La activación del artículo 50 ha creado problemas constitucionales en Gran Bretaña. La negociación del acuerdo de salida es compleja y ha de hacerse por fases. El "libro blanco" de la Comisión Europea es una respuesta muy insuficiente al actual proceso de integración.The departure of Great Britain from the European Union opens a new period in the integration process. Activation of Article 50 has created constitutional problems in Great Britain. The negotiation of the exit agreement is complex and has to be done in phases. The "white paper" of the European Commission is a very inadequate response to the current integration process.

El largo proceso de adhesión al CEDH se encuentra en una fase de estancamiento. El proyecto de acuerdo firmado por las partes ha sido puesto en cuestión por el TJUE. La institución jurisdiccional europea ha emitido un dictamen muy crítico con el proyecto de acuerdo. Fundamentalmente la crítica se centra en el riesgo de que el sistema de competencias establecidas en el Tratado sean alteradas y que peligre la autonomía del ordenamiento jurídico europeo.The long accession process to the ECHR in a stagnation phase. The draft agreement signed by the parties has been called into question by the CJEU. The European judicial institution has issued an opinion criticizing the draft agreement. Basically, criticism focused on the risk that the system of competences set out in the Treaty would be altered. Moreover, this draft agreement may endanger the autonomy of European law.

En enero de 2016 la policía turca detuvo a 22 profesores universitarios por criticar la violenta política del Gobierno turco en el sureste kurdo. El proceso de adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea está paralizado por la involución existente en la garantía de derechos. La crisis de los refugiados neutraliza las presiones de la Unión Europea. Esta «panorámica» en «Teoría y realidad Constitucional» quiere ser un acto de solidaridad de la Revista con los académicos represaliados.In January 2016 the Turkish police arrested 22 university professors for criticizing the violent policy of the Turkish government in the Kurdish southeast region. The process of Turkey's accession to the European Union is paralyzed by the current involution in the guarantee of human rights. The refugee crisis neutralizes the pressure from the European Union. This «panoramic» in «Constitutional Theory and reality» aims to be an act of solidarity with the academic persecuted.

The current process of integration with the economic crisis is creating technocratic spaces. The multilevel constitutionalism idea breaks. The emergence of no majority bodies within the Union, affects a larger deficit. However, in 2014, with the European elections, the Union must express its democratic potential with citizen participation in European integration. Therefore, we analyzed the different problems of parliamentary deficit in the European Union and the contributions that are made in favour of the democratic principle from the institutions. ; El actual proceso de integración con la crisis económica está creando espacios tecnocráticos. La idea de constitucionalismo multinivel se quiebra. La aparición de órganos no mayoritarios en el seno de la Unión, incide en un mayor déficit. Sin embargo, en el 2014, con las elecciones europeas, la Unión ha de expresar su potencial democrático con la participación de los ciudadanos en la construcción europea. Por ello, analizamos los diferentes problemas del déficit parlamentario en la Unión Europea y las aportaciones que desde las propias instituciones se hacen a favor del principio democrático.The current process of integration with the economic crisis is creating technocratic spaces. The multilevel constitutionalism idea breaks. The emergence of no majority bodies within the Union, affects a larger deficit. However, in 2014, with the European elections, the Union must express its democratic potential with citizen participation in European integration. Therefore, we analyzed the different problems of parliamentary deficit in the European Union and the contributions that are made in favour of the democratic principle from the institutions.

The ratification of the Lisbon Treaty by certain Member States has caused a debate about the constitutional control of the European Union Law. Ireland held two referenda on the defence of intangible constitutional values. In Czech Republic as well as in Germany, their Constitutional Courts passed sentences with a preventive character: they said 'yes' to integration but on the basis of a 'Europe of the States'. However, the greatest impact has been made by the 30 June 2009 judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The Court went further on the defence of the 'statehood' as a key element of the European integration process. Moreover, the German Federal Constitutional Court distrusted the degree of democracy within the European Union institutions.

Producción Científica ; Turkey has been an «imperfect democracy». Turkey has been knocking on the European Union's door for decades. Joining the Union is a long and arduous process-since it involves transforming the laws and economies of the applicant countries. In the case of Turkey, the accession process comes up against insurmountable obstacles like the lack of true democratic deepening or the weak protection of human rights (pluralism, freedom of expression, judicial independence, women's situation etc). However, the economic side is more advanced. Another major obstacle is the Turkey's attitude towards Cyprus. All these aspects hinder the EU's accession of a «torn country», struggling to overcome the conflict between secularism and Islamism.

European integration has a legal character, international but also constitutional. There are intergovernmental reform processes, quasi constitutional processes and constitutional mutation processes. These latter processes have existed throughout the whole integration process. Mutations have inspired subsequent changes in the primary law. ; La Integración Europea es de carácter jurídico internacional y también constitucional. Existen procesos de reforma intergubernamental, procesos cuasiconstituyentes, y procesos de mutación constitucional. Estos últimos procesos han existido a lo largo de todo el proceso de integración. Las mutaciones han inspirado posteriormente los cambios en el derecho originario.European integration has a legal character, international but also constitutional. There are intergovernmental reform processes, quasi constitutional processes and constitutional mutation processes. These latter processes have existed throughout the whole integration process. Mutations have inspired subsequent changes in the primary law.

Producción Científica ; Turkey has been an «imperfect democracy». Turkey has been knocking on the European Union's door for decades. Joining the Union is a long and arduous process-since it involves transforming the laws and economies of the applicant countries. In the case of Turkey, the accession process comes up against insurmountable obstacles like the lack of true democratic deepening or the weak protection of human rights (pluralism, freedom of expression, judicial independence, women's situation etc). However, the economic side is more advanced. Another major obstacle is the Turkey's attitude towards Cyprus. All these aspects hinder the EU's accession of a «torn country», struggling to overcome the conflict between secularism and Islamism.

The ratification of the Lisbon Treaty by certain Member States has caused a debate about the constitutional control of the European Union Law. Ireland held two referenda on the defence of intangible constitutional values. In Czech Republic as well as in Germany, their Constitutional Courts passed sentences with a preventive character: they said 'yes' to integration but on the basis of a 'Europe of the States'. However, the greatest impact has been made by the 30 June 2009 judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The Court went further on the defence of the 'statehood' as a key element of the European integration process. Moreover, the German Federal Constitutional Court distrusted the degree of democracy within the European Union institutions.

La ratificación del Tratado de Lisboa por determinados Estados miembros ha originado un debate acerca del control de constitucionalidad del Derecho comunitario. Irlanda plantea plebiscitos acerca de la defensa de valores constitucionales intangibles. Tanto en Chequia como en Alemania, sus Tribunales Constitucionales han dictaminado Sentencias de carácter preventivo: sí a la integración pero sobre la base de una Europa de los Estados. Alemania va más lejos en la defensa de la estatalidad como elemento legitimador del proceso de integración europeo. El Tribunal Constitucional Alemán desconfía además del grado de democracia de las instituciones de la Unión Europea.The ratification of the Lisbon Treaty by certain Member States has caused a debate about the constitutional control of the European Union Law. Ireland has hold two referenda on the defence of intangible constitutional values. In Czech Republic as well as in Germany, their Constitutional Courts have passed sentences with a preventive character: they have said 'yes' to integration but on the basis of a 'Europe of the States'. Germany has gone further on the defence of the 'statehood' as a key element of the European integration process. Moreover, the German Constitutional Court has distrusted the degree of democracy within the European Union institutions.

La ideología multiculturalista parte de una visión relativista de los valores democráticos occidentales, produciéndose una pérdida de confianza de los mismos. Los fenómenos migratorios han generado un debate en Europa acerca de la extensión de los derechos políticos a los extranjeros, independientemente, incluso, de su situación legal. Se ha producido una devaluación del principio de la nacionalidad como elemento esencial para el otorgamiento de estos derechos y su sustitución por el principio de «ciudadanía activa». Las nuevas amenazas ideológicas, islamismo principalmente, deben obligar a las democracias europeas a ser restrictivas en cuanto a la ampliación de estos derechos a capas sociales de emigrantes, que no comprenden o rechazan abiertamente el valor de la democracia. En España, por el contrario, los operadores políticos y las interpretaciones jurisprudenciales parten de una postura muy activista a favor de la extensión de estos derechos (sufragio, reunión, manifestación, asociación sindicación y derecho de huelga), para los emigrantes ilegales, pues dichos derechos se conectan con el valor de la dignidad humana.

De acuerdo con el Tratado, la Unión Europea ha regulado en el Reglamento (CE) 2004/2003, de 4 de noviembre, el estatuto y financiación de los partidos políticos a escala europea. La normativa comunitaria determina un control programático de carácter «militante » o finalista. Todavía existe un confusionismo entre Partido Político a escala europea y Grupos Políticos del Parlamento Europeo. La Reforma del Reglamento en 2007 tampoco clarifica esta cuestión, regulando principalmente la relación entre Partido político a escala europea y Fundaciones políticas europeas.According to the Treaty, the European Union has defined in Regulation (EC) 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, the regulations governing political parties at European level and the rules regarding their funding. Community law determines a «militant» or finalist programmatic control. There is still confusion between Political parties at European level and European Parliament's political groups. Reform of Regulation in 2007 does not clarify the question, mainly by regulating the relationship between political parties at European level and European political foundations.