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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of the Tropics -- 1.2 What Makes the Tropics Different? -- References -- PART 1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT -- Chapter 2 Weather and Climate -- 2.1 Tropical Heat Engine -- 2.2 Tropical Winds and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) -- 2.3 Tropical Rainfall and Temperature Patterns -- 2.4 Monsoons -- 2.4.1 The Asian Monsoon -- 2.4.2 The Indo-Australian Monsoon -- 2.4.3 The African Monsoons -- 2.4.4 The South American Monsoon -- 2.5 Tropical Weather Systems -- 2.6 The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) -- 2.7 Climate Change: Physical Aspects -- 2.7.1 Rising Atmospheric CO2 -- 2.7.2 Ocean Acidification -- 2.7.3 Rising Temperatures, Increased Storms, Extreme Weather Events, and Changes in Precipitation -- 2.7.4 Changes in Ocean Circulation -- 2.7.5 Sea-Level Rise (SLR) -- References -- Chapter 3 Tropical Marine Hydrosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Large-Scale Circulation Patterns -- 3.3 Coastal Circulation -- 3.4 Estuarine Circulation -- 3.5 Coral Reef Hydrodynamics -- 3.6 Fluid Mechanics in Seagrass Meadows -- 3.7 Tides -- References -- Chapter 4 Tropical Marine Geosphere -- 4.1 Major Sedimentary Patterns -- 4.2 Distribution of Major Habitat Types -- 4.3 Nutrients -- 4.4 Tropical River Loads, Plumes, and Shelf Margins -- References -- PART 2 STRUCTURE -- Chapter 5 Biogeography and Origins -- 5.1 Tropical Biogeography -- 5.2 The Coral Triangle -- 5.3 Origins Explained -- 5.4 Marine Ecoregions and Provinces -- 5.5 The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient -- References -- Chapter 6 Populations and Communities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Density Independence, Density Dependence, and Intraspecific Competition -- 6.3 Populations with Age Structure.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Glossary -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: Salt Marshes -- 2.1 Dynamics of Soil Accretion and Carbon Accumulation -- 2.2 Soil Accretion and Carbon Sequestration -- 2.2.1 Methodological Advantages and Limitations -- 2.2.2 Carbon Sequestration Rates -- 2.3 Soil Carbon Stocks -- 2.4 Potential Losses of Carbon -- References -- Chapter 3: Mangrove Forests -- 3.1 Capturing and Accumulating Sediment and Carbon -- 3.1.1 Mechanisms of Capture -- 3.1.2 Rates of Soil Accretion and Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2 Carbon Sequestration Rates -- 3.3 Carbon Stocks -- 3.4 Potential Losses -- References -- Chapter 4: Seagrass Meadows -- 4.1 Fluid Dynamics: The Mechanism for Sediment and Carbon Accumulation -- 4.2 Carbon Sequestration -- 4.3 Carbon Stocks -- 4.4 Potential Losses -- References -- Chapter 5: Kelp Forests -- 5.1 Do Kelp Forests Sequester and Store Blue Carbon? -- 5.2 Kelp Carbon and Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 6: The Blue Economy: Mitigation and Adaptation -- 6.1 Ecological Economics -- 6.1.1 Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) -- 6.1.2 Regulatory and Policy Matters -- 6.2 Restoration and Management -- 6.2.1 Success or Failure: What Does and Doesn´t Work -- 6.3 Financing -- 6.3.1 UNFCCC-Related and Other Finance Mechanisms -- 6.3.2 The Voluntary Carbon Market -- 6.3.3 Investment Risk -- 6.3.4 Policy and Commodification -- References -- Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusions -- References.

"This book presents a functional overview of mangrove forest ecosystems; how they live and grow at the edge of tropical seas, how they play a critical role along most of the world's tropical coasts, and how their future might look in a world affected by climate change. Such a process-oriented approach is necessary in order to further understand the role of these dynamic forests in ecosystem function, and as a first step towards developing adequate strategies for their conservation and sustainable use and management. The book will provide a valuable resource for researchers in mangrove ecology as well as reference for resource managers."--BOOK JACKET

Intro -- MANGROVES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. BRIEF HISTORY -- 1.2. DEFINITION -- 1.3. MANGROVES IN INDONESIA -- 1.4. INDONESIA AND THE SOUTH CHINA SEA -- Chapter 2 ECOLOGY OF MANGROVES IN INDONESIAN SOUTH CHINA SEA WATERS -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. VEGETATION ECOLOGY -- 2.3. PRESENT MANGROVE SETTINGS -- 2.3.1. Ocean Currents and Tidal Characteristics -- 2.3.2. Rainfall and Temperature -- 2.3.3. Geomorphology, Physiography and Hydrology -- 2.4. MANGROVE TYPES -- 2.5. MANGROVE FLORA -- 2.6. MANGROVE VEGETATION HISTORY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY -- 2.7. MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION -- 2.8. PROVINCIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF MANGROVE VEGETATION -- Chapter 3 SOCIAL ISSUES AND HUMAN USES -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. SUSTAINABLE USES -- 3.2.1. Traditional Uses (Edible Food, Poisons and Medicines) -- 3.2.2. Minor Products (Alcohol, Vinegar, Sugar, Tannin) -- 3.2.3. Artisanal Fisheries and Gathering -- 3.2.4. Fodder and Green Manure -- 3.2.5. Forestry (Timber and Poles, Fuel Wood and Charcoal Production) -- 3.2.6. Ecotourism and Recreation -- 3.2.7. Education, Wildlife Resources, and Scientific Research -- 3.3. EXPLOITATIVE USES -- 3.3.1. Agriculture -- 3.3.2. Mariculture and Aquaculture -- 3.3.3. Salt Production -- 3.3.4. Mining and Oil Exploration -- 3.3.5. Human Settlements -- 3.4. PROBLEMS AND THREATS DUE TO SOCIAL ISSUES -- Chapter 4 STRESS AND PRESSURES -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. NATURAL STRESS -- 4.2.1. Physicochemical Stress -- 4.2.1.1. Currents, Tides, Waves, and Storm Surges -- 4.2.1.2. Temperature -- 4.2.1.3. Hypersalinity -- 4.2.1.4. Tropical Cyclones and Typhoons -- 4.2.1.5. Drought -- 4.2.2. Biological Stress -- 4.2.2.1. Disease -- 4.2.2.2. Insects and Other Invertebrates -- 4.2.2.3. Grazing by Mammals and Other Animals.