Arsenic distribution in a pasture area impacted by past mining activities
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 147, S. 228-237
ISSN: 1090-2414
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In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 147, S. 228-237
ISSN: 1090-2414
In: Environmental sciences Europe: ESEU, Band 36, Heft 1
ISSN: 2190-4715
Abstract
Background
In line with WHO guidelines for the implementation of public health prevention plans targeted at the impacts of high temperatures, a heat wave definition temperature (Tthreshold) was calculated for 182 so-called "isoclimatic zones" (IZ) in Spain. As the dependent variable for determining this Tthreshold, we analysed daily all-cause mortality data (ICD-10: A00-R99) for each IZ across the period 2009–2018. The independent variable used was the mean value of the maximum daily temperature of the summer months recorded at meteorological observatories in each IZ. We used Box–Jenkins models to ascertain mortality anomalies, and scatterplots to link these anomalies to the temperatures at which they occurred, thereby determining the Tthreshold for each IZ. We then calculated how many heat waves had occurred in each IZ, as well as their intensity, and analysed their time trend over this period.
Results
The results showed that in 52.5% of the IZ, the percentile of the maximum temperatures series of the summer months to which Tthreshold corresponded was below the 95th percentile of the meteorological heat wave definition in Spain: indeed, it only coincided in 30.7% of cases. The geographical distribution of these percentiles displayed great heterogeneity as a consequence of the local factors that influence the temperature–mortality relationship. The trend in the number of heat waves analysed indicated an overall increase in Spain at a rate of 3.9 heat waves per decade, and a similar rise in mean annual intensity of 9.5 °C/decade. These time-trend values were higher than those yielded by analysing the trend in meteorological heat waves based on the 95th percentile.
Conclusions
The results obtained in this study indicate the need to use a heat wave definition based on epidemiological temperature–mortality studies, rather than on values based on meteorological percentiles. This could be minimising estimated health impacts in analyses of future impacts attributable to heat.
Creatividad, educación, innovación y espíritu emprendedor son conceptos que están ligados en la sociedad del conocimiento. En la sociedad del conocimiento, la relación creatividad-educación-innovación es una necesidad estratégica y una cuestión de estado. La acción educativa no puede darse por comprendida sin prestar la consideración adecuada a la relación creatividad-educación-innovación, pues, quien se educa, se compromete y emprende la tarea de hacerse autor y no sólo actor de sus propios proyectos. Este artículo proporciona argumentos para entender esta propuesta y para ello hemos estructurado el contenido en tres grandes bloques: la creatividad como característica educable y principio de acción; el lugar de los educadores en el desarrollo de la creatividad; la innovación como necesidad estratégica de la educación en las sociedades del conocimiento ; Creativity, education, innovation, and entrepreneurship are concepts that are linked in theknowledge society. In knowledge society, the relationship between creativity, education and innovation becomes a strategic necessity and a politics and policy matter. The educational activity can not be understood without paying for adequate consideration to the relationship creativity-education-innovation, because, who is being educated, is engaged and entrepreneurs the task of becoming author, not only actor, of his own projects. This article provides arguments to understand this proposal and for that we have structured the content into three main topics: the creativity as educable characteristic and principle of action; the place of educators in the development of creativity; innovation as strategic need of educationin knowledge societies ; SI
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In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 23, Heft 8, S. 8008-8020
ISSN: 1614-7499
BACKGROUND: As new combinations of interventions aiming at interrupting malaria transmission are under evaluation, understanding the associated economic costs and benefits is critical for decision-making. This study assessed the economic cost and cost-effectiveness of the Magude project, a malaria elimination initiative implemented in a district in southern Mozambique (i.e. Magude) between August 2015-June 2018. This project piloted a combination of two mass drug administration (MDA) rounds per year for two consecutive years, annual rounds of universal indoor residual spraying (IRS) and a strengthened surveillance and response system on the back of universal long-lasting insecticide treated net (LLIN) coverage and routine case management implemented by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP). Although local transmission was not interrupted, the project achieved large reductions in the burden of malaria in the target district. METHODS: We collected weekly economic data, estimated costs from the project implementer perspective and assessed the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) associated with the Magude project as compared to routine malaria control activities, the counterfactual. We estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for malaria cases and deaths and assessed the variation of the ICER over time to capture the marginal costs and effectiveness associated with subsequent phases of project implementation. We used deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty and built an alternative scenario by assuming the implementation of the interventions from a governmental perspective. Economic costs are provided in constant US$2015. RESULTS: After three years, the Magude project averted a total of 3,171 DALYs at an incremental cost of $2.89 million and an average yearly cost of $20.7 per targeted person. At an average cost of $19.4 per person treated per MDA round, the social mobilization and distribution of door-to-door MDA contributed to 53% of overall resources employed, with personnel and logistics being the main cost drivers. The ICER improved over time as a result of decreasing costs and improved effectiveness. The overall ICER was $987 (CI95% 968-1,006) per DALY averted, which is below the standard cost-effectiveness (CE) threshold of $1,404/DALY averted, three times the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Mozambique, but above the threshold of interventions considered highly cost-effective (one time the GDP per capita or $468/DALY averted) and above the recently suggested thresholds based on the health opportunity cost ($537 purchasing power parity/ DALY averted). A significantly lower ICER was obtained in the implementation scenario from a governmental perspective ($441/DALY averted). CONCLUSION: Despite the initial high costs and volume of resources associated with its implementation, MDA in combination with other existing malaria control interventions, can be a cost-effective strategy to drastically reduce transmission in areas of low to moderate transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. However, further studies are needed to understand the capacity of the health system and financial affordability to scale up such strategies at regional or national level.
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Este libro, en el marco de una Conversaci?n Pedag?gica, pretende configurar un lugar de reconocimiento de contextos y pr?cticas educativas en territorios rurales a partir del trabajo de educadores e investigadores de Iberoam?rica que, como lugar com?n, dan cuenta de problem?ticas, experiencias y sentidos pol?ticos y sociales en cada uno de sus pa?ses. Proyectos comunitarios, propuestas contextualizas, reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural, identificaci?n de metodolog?as activas, ausencia y abandono del Estado, brechas sociales, condiciones de vida digna, educaci?n pertinente y cobertura educativa, har?n parte de la reflexiones y datos compartidos en cada cap?tulo. ; This book, in the framework of a Pedagogical Conversation, intends to set up a place for the recognition of contexts and educational practices in rural territories based on the work of the educational practices in rural territories based on the work of educators and researchers from educators and researchers from Ibero-America, who, as a common common place, they give an account of problems, experiences and political and social and social meanings in each of their countries. Projects contextualized proposals, recognition of cultural diversity, identification of active cultural diversity, identification of active methodologies, absence and abandonment of the State, social gaps, decent living conditions, relevant education and conditions, pertinent education and educational coverage, will be part of the reflections and and data shared in each chapter. ; Rionegro
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Molecular epidemiology of circulating clinical isolates is crucial to improve prevention strategies. The Spanish Working Group on multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a network that monitors the MDR-TB isolates in Spain since 1998. The aim of this study was to present the study of the MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) patterns in Spain using the different recommended genotyping methods over time by a national coordinated system. Based on the proposed genotyping methods in the European Union until 2018, the preservation of one method, MIRU-VNTR, applied to selected clustered strains permitted to maintain our study open for 20 years. The distribution of demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of clustered and non-clustered cases of MDR/XDR tuberculosis with proportion differences as assessed by Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher's exact test was compared. The differences in the quantitative variables using the Student's-t test and the Mann–Whitney U test were evaluated. The results obtained showed a total of 48.4% of the cases grouped in 77 clusters. Younger age groups, having a known TB case contact (10.2% vs 4.7%) and XDR-TB (16.5% vs 1.8%) were significantly associated with clustering. The largest cluster corresponded to a Mycobacterium bovis strain mainly spread during the nineties. A total of 68.4% of the clusters detected were distributed among the different Spanish regions and six clusters involving 104 cases were grouped in 17 and 18 years. Comparison of the genotypes obtained with those European genotypes included in The European Surveillance System (TESSy) showed that 87 cases had become part of 20 European clusters. The continuity of MDR strain genotyping in time has offered a widespread picture of the situation that allows better management of this public health problem. It also shows the advantage of maintaining one genotyping method over time, which allowed the comparison between ancient, present and future samples.
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