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The rise of new populist actors and consolidation of the use of social media such as Twitter are changing the political communication field. The main goal of this research is to understand whether European populist political actors introduce 2 of the inherent elements of populism—the people and the elite—into their digital communicative strategy and how they frame it. The samples are composed by the messages shared on Twitter by 4 European political parties (Podemos, Movimento 5 Stelle, Front National, and UKIP) and their leaders. This study analyzed 9,128 messages. The results show that despite being an intrinsic characteristic of populism, these political actors practically never appeal to the people in their messages, but criticize the elites. It therefore produces an illustrated populism in their social media strategy, in which everything is for the people, but without the people.

The rise of new populist actors and consolidation of the use of social media such as Twitter are changing the political communication field. The main goal of this research is to understand whether European populist political actors introduce 2 of the inherent elements of populism—the people and the elite—into their digital communicative strategy and how they frame it. The samples are composed by the messages shared on Twitter by 4 European political parties (Podemos, Movimento 5 Stelle, Front National, and UKIP) and their leaders. This study analyzed 9,128 messages. The results show that despite being an intrinsic characteristic of populism, these political actors practically never appeal to the people in their messages, but criticize the elites. It therefore produces an illustrated populism in their social media strategy, in which everything is for the people, but without the people.

El fenómeno populista ha adquirido una gran relevancia durante la última década. La aparición de nuevos actores políticos populistas junto con la consolidación de redes sociales como Twitter ha provocado profundos cambios en las estrategias en el campo de la comunicación política. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es conocer cuál es la estrategia digital y cuáles de sus elementos son comunes y compartidos por los actores políticos populistas en el contexto europeo. Se analizan los perfiles de Twitter de Podemos y Pablo Iglesias (España), MoVimento 5 Stelle y Beppe Grillo (Italia), Front National y Marine Le Pen (Francia), y UKIP y Niggel Farage y Paul Nuttall (Reino Unido). Los resultados indican que emplean Twitter para criticar y que el eje ideológico condiciona su agenda temática. Su estrategia discursiva está basada en el enfrentamiento entre el 'pueblo' y las 'élites'. El diálogo con los usuarios en Twitter es prácticamente inexistente. ; The populist phenomenon has gained a remarkable importance during the last decade. The emergence of new populist political actors with the consolidation of social media, such as Twitter, has caused deep changes in the strategies in the political communication field. The main goal of this doctoral thesis is to know what the digital strategy is and which of its elements are common and shared by populist political actors in the European context. It has been analysed the Twitter's profiles of Podemos and Pablo Iglesias (Spain), MoVimento 5 Stelle and Beppe Grillo (Italy), the Front National and Marine Le Pen (France), and the UKIP and Niggel Farage and Paul Nuttall (United Kingdom). The results indicate that they use Twitter to criticize and that the ideological axis determines their thematic agenda. Its discursive strategy is based on the confrontation between the people and the elites. The dialogue with users on Twitter is practically non-existent. ; Programa de Doctorat en Ciències de la Comunicació

XX Jornades de Foment de la Investigació de la Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials (Any 2015) ; Comunicación y democracia están estrechamente relacionadas y no podemos concebir la una sin la otra. Las redes sociales han irrumpido con fuerza en el ámbito de la comunicación, especialmente en el de la comunicación política, que se ha visto reflejado en las prácticas democráticas. Las potencialidades inherentes de las tecnologías digitales han transformado el ejercicio del activismo político, propiciando una clara redefinición de las relaciones de poder y generando una especie de contrapoder ciudadano. Sin embargo, pese a las múltiples oportunidades que presentan, las redes sociales también suscitan dudas. Mediante una revisión de la literatura, el objetivo de este artículo es realizar una aproximación teórica al profuso debate existente entre los académicos sobre si las redes sociales contribuyen a solucionar los problemas democráticos que padecen las sociedades actuales o si, por el contrario, los agravan. Se concluye al respecto que existen dos posturas. La de los ciberoptimistas, que establecen que las potencialidades de Internet favorecen la participación, el intercambio y la deliberación. Y la de los ciberescépticos, que se muestran reacios a creer que las tecnologías digitales y las redes sociales sean per se intrínsecamente democráticas ya que, pese a su potencial, su uso no es siempre lo positivo que debiera ser. Asimismo, se han detectado posibles líneas de investigación a tener en cuenta en futuras investigaciones.

El fenómeno populista ha adquirido una gran relevancia durante la última década. La aparición de nuevos actores políticos populistas junto con la consolidación de redes sociales como Twitter ha provocado profundos cambios en las estrategias en el campo de la comunicación política. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es conocer cuál es la estrategia digital y cuáles de sus elementos son comunes y compartidos por los actores políticos populistas en el contexto europeo. Se analizan los perfiles de Twitter de Podemos y Pablo Iglesias (España), MoVimento 5 Stelle y Beppe Grillo (Italia), Front National y Marine Le Pen (Francia), y UKIP y Niggel Farage y Paul Nuttall (Reino Unido). Los resultados indican que emplean Twitter para criticar y que el eje ideológico condiciona su agenda temática. Su estrategia discursiva está basada en el enfrentamiento entre el 'pueblo' y las 'élites'. El diálogo con los usuarios en Twitter es prácticamente inexistente. ; The populist phenomenon has gained a remarkable importance during the last decade. The emergence of new populist political actors with the consolidation of social media, such as Twitter, has caused deep changes in the strategies in the political communication field. The main goal of this doctoral thesis is to know what the digital strategy is and which of its elements are common and shared by populist political actors in the European context. It has been analysed the Twitter's profiles of Podemos and Pablo Iglesias (Spain), MoVimento 5 Stelle and Beppe Grillo (Italy), the Front National and Marine Le Pen (France), and the UKIP and Niggel Farage and Paul Nuttall (United Kingdom). The results indicate that they use Twitter to criticize and that the ideological axis determines their thematic agenda. Its discursive strategy is based on the confrontation between the people and the elites. The dialogue with users on Twitter is practically non-existent.

Las tecnologías digitales, como la web 2.0 y las redes sociales, ofrecen numerosas posibilidades a activistas y ciudadanos. Los Nuevos Movimientos Sociales han encontrado en redes sociales como Twitter y Facebook un nuevo espacio para comunicar, organizar, movilizar e incluso monitorizar a los poderes políticos y económicos. Buen ejemplo de ello es la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH). El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la arquitectura y estrategia de utilización que realiza la PAH de las distintas herramientas digitales con las que cuenta a su alcance, centrándose especialmente en el uso que hace de Twitter para lanzar sus campañas. ; Digital technologies such as Web 2.0 and Social Networking Service offer numerous possibilities to activists and citizens. The New Social Movements find in social networks like Twitter and Facebook a new space to communicate, organize, mobilize and even monitor the political and economic powers. A good example is the Platform Affected by Mortgage (PAH). The main goal of this research is to analyse the architecture and strategy of utilization of the digital tools that PAH has at their disposal, especially focusing on the use that takes of Twitter to initiate their campaigns.

The populist phenomenon has acquired great relevance during the last decade. The emergence of new populist actors and the consolidation of the use of social media such as Twitter are transforming the field of political communication. The objective of this paper is to know the agenda set by the leaders of the main European populist political parties on Twitter, as well as the strategy they use and the user interaction achieved. The sample consists of the 2,310 tweets published by the leaders of Podemos, the 5 Stelle Movement, France's National Front and UKIP during three random time periods. The results show a low degree of thematic fragmentation, the launch of proposals instead of attracting voters, and the existence of a strong negative correlation between the number of published tweets and user interest.

Western democracies live a populist momentum. In this context, the consolidation of the digital technologies plays a key role because of their possibilities to widespread easier the populist messages. This research examines how European populist political actors introduce in their discursive strategy on Twitter the exclusion of groups, the Euroscepticism and the existence of a crisis and how they frame it with the aim to know if there are significant differences regarding their ideology. The sample are composed by the messages shared by four European political parties ( Podemos , 5 Stars Movement, National Front and UKIP) and their leaders (Pablo Iglesias, Beppe Grillo, Marine Le Pen and Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall) during three temporary periods, out of electoral campaigns. 9,128 messages have been analyzed. The main findings show that, despite not being inherent characteristics of the populist phenomenon, the narrative of the crisis, the exclusion of groups and Euroscepticism is present in the discourse of all the populist political actors analyzed on Twitter. All of them base their discursive strategy looking for the guilty in order to introduce themselves to the people as the only political option capable of defending them and restoring the sovereignty that has been taken from them. In this context, the ideology is a key element. ; Las democracias occidentales viven un impulso populista. En este contexto, la consolidación de las tecnologías digitales juega un papel clave por sus potencialidades para difundir con mayor facilidad los mensajes populistas. Esta investigación examina cómo los actores políticos populistas europeos introducen en su estrategia discursiva en Twitter la exclusión de grupos, el euroescepticismo y la existencia de crisis y cómo la enmarcan con el objetivo de conocer si existen diferencias significativas respecto a su ideología. La muestra está compuesta por los mensajes compartidos en Twitter por cuatro partidos políticos populistas europeos (Podemos, Movimiento 5 Estrellas, Frente Nacional y UKIP) y sus respectivos líderes (Pablo Iglesias, Beppe Grillo, Marine Le Pen y Nigel Farage y Paul Nuttall) durante tres periodos temporales fuera de campañas electorales. En total se han analizado 9.128 mensajes. Los principales hallazgos muestran que, pese a no ser características inherentes al fenómeno populista, la narrativa de la crisis, la exclusión de colectivos y el euroescepticismo está presente en el discurso de todos los actores políticos populistas analizados en Twitter. Todos ellos basan su estrategia discursiva en la búsqueda de culpables con el objetivo de presentarse ante el pueblo como la única opción política capaz de defenderles y devolverles la soberanía que les ha sido arrebatada. En este contexto, la ideología resulta determinante.

Western democracies live a populist momentum. In this context, the consolidation of the digital technologies plays a key role because of their possibilities to widespread easier the populist messages. This research examines how European populist political actors introduce in their discursive strategy on Twitter the exclusion of groups, the Euroscepticism and the existence of a crisis and how they frame it with the aim to know if there are significant differences regarding their ideology. The sample are composed by the messages shared by four European political parties (Podemos, 5 Stars Movement, National Front and UKIP) and their leaders (Pablo Iglesias, Beppe Grillo, Marine Le Pen and Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall) during three temporary periods, out of electoral campaigns. 9,128 messages have been analyzed. The main findings show that, despite not being inherent characteristics of the populist phenomenon, the narrative of the crisis, the exclusion of groups and Euroscepticism is present in the discourse of all the populist political actors analyzed on Twitter. All of them base their discursive strategy looking for the guilty in order to introduce themselves to the people as the only political option capable of defending them and restoring the sovereignty that has been taken from them. In this context, the ideology is a key element. ; Las democracias occidentales viven un impulso populista. En este contexto, la consolidación de las tecnologías digitales juega un papel clave por sus potencialidades para difundir con mayor facilidad los mensajes populistas. Esta investigación examina cómo los actores políticos populistas europeos introducen en su estrategia discursiva en Twitter la exclusión de grupos, el euroescepticismo y la existencia de crisis y cómo la enmarcan con el objetivo de conocer si existen diferencias significativas respecto a su ideología. La muestra está compuesta por los mensajes compartidos en Twitter por cuatro partidos políticos populistas europeos (Podemos, Movimiento 5 Estrellas, Frente Nacional y UKIP) y sus respectivos líderes (Pablo Iglesias, Beppe Grillo, Marine Le Pen y Nigel Farage y Paul Nuttall) durante tres periodos temporales fuera de campañas electorales. En total se han analizado 9.128 mensajes. Los principales hallazgos muestran que, pese a no ser características inherentes al fenómeno populista, la narrativa de la crisis, la exclusión de colectivos y el euroescepticismo está presente en el discurso de todos los actores políticos populistas analizados en Twitter. Todos ellos basan su estrategia discursiva en la búsqueda de culpables con el objetivo de presentarse ante el pueblo como la única opción política capaz de defenderles y devolverles la soberanía que les ha sido arrebatada. En este contexto, la ideología resulta determinante.

Since its inception, the European Union has been facing several challenges. The economic and refugee crises, along with the results of the British referendum, have shaped the future of Europe in the past decade. These challenges among others have encouraged the emergence of populist parties, which aim at disrupting the current status quo posing threats to democracy. In this context, the consolidation of digital media has played a key role in the circulation of populist messages to a large number of people. Such messages have questioned the political and legitimacy terms of the European Union, leading to the ideal scenario of Euroscepticism. This article examines the framing and communication strategies used by the European populist actors regarding the European Union and Euroscepticism. The aim is to identify if there are any significant ideological differences. The sample consists of the shared messages (n = 3,667) by the main European populist political parties of Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom during the European Parliament election campaign in 2019. The messages published on the Twitter accounts of Podemos, Vox, the 5 Star Movement, Lega, Rassemblement National, France Insoumise, The Brexit Party, and the UKIP have been analyzed. Results show that two types of Eurosceptic discourse were detected depending on the ideology. The right-wing populists pose a Euroscepticism exclusionary discourse, based on the loss of sovereignty and the distinction of "they"—"us," excluding the out-groups whereas the left-wing populists present a Euroscepticism inclusive discourse, to maintain the foundational values of Europe, such as equality or solidarity between different people and countries. This research found that Eurosceptic discourse is used in the communicative strategy of populist political parties on Twitter and highlights the importance of the message frame which makes the difference about it.

The populist phenomenon has acquired great relevance during the last decade. The emergence of new populist actors and the consolidation of the use of social media such as Twitter are transforming the field of political communication. The objective of this paper is to know the agenda set by the leaders of the main European populist political parties on Twitter, as well as the strategy they use and the user interaction achieved. The sample consists of the 2,310 tweets published by the leaders of Podemos, the 5 Stelle Movement, France's National Front and UKIP during three random time periods. The results show a low degree of thematic fragmentation, the launch of proposals instead of attracting voters, and the existence of a strong negative correlation between the number of published tweets and user interest. ; El fenómeno populista ha adquirido una gran relevancia durante la última década. El surgimiento de nuevos actores populistas junto con la consolidación del uso de redes sociales como Twitter están transformando el campo de la comunicación política. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la agenda planteada en Twitter por los líderes de los principales partidos políticos populistas europeos, así como la estrategia que emplean y la respuesta obtenida por parte de los usuarios. La muestra está integrada por los 2.310 tweets publicados por los líderes de Podemos, el Movimento 5 Stelle, el Frente Nacional y el UKIP durante tres periodos temporales aleatorios. Los resultados plantean un bajo grado de fragmentación temática, el lanzamiento de propuestas frente a la captación de votantes y la existencia de una fuerte correlación negativa entre el número de tweets publicados y el interés de los usuarios.

Introducción: El entorno digital ha permitido el desarrollo de nuevos mecanismos de ejercicio de la transparencia por parte de la ciudadanía. Ésta se vincula a la monitorización y contribuye a redefinir la comunicación y la participación política. Metodología: El objetivo es analizar las modalidades adoptadas por las plataformas digitales vinculadas a la sociedad civil basadas en la transparencia y orientadas hacia la monitorización de los centros de poder. La metodología se basa en el estudio de caso, aplicado a cinco iniciativas. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados permiten identificar cinco tipos de plataformas según la finalidad principal y la dimensión de la transparencia que cubren. Estas modalidades se centran en los datos de gobierno abierto, las noticias de interés público, la circulación de ideas y puntos de vista variados, las respuestas de actores políticos y la participación ciudadana en los procedimientos vinculados a la toma de decisiones políticas. ; Introduction: The digital landscape has facilitated the development of new mechanisms that help citizens to exercise transparency, which is linked to political monitoring and contributes to the redefinition of political communication and participation. Methods: The study is based on the case study technique, applied to five digital initiatives, to analyse the forms taken by citizen-driven transparency-based digital platforms oriented towards the monitoring of the centres of power. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that there are five types of platforms according to their main purpose and the transparency dimension they cover. These modalities focus on open government data, news of public interest, dissemination of diverse ideas and points of view, responses from political actors, and citizen participation in political decision-making processes.

In recent years, political communication has been marked by an increased use of social networks. Platforms such as Twitter have become an essential tool for political actors, especially during electoral campaigns. The aim of this study is to analyse the use of Twitter by Spanish political actors to build their agenda during electoral campaigns. The implementation strategy and users' responses were also analysed. A quantitative content analysis was conducted, which was complemented by a metric evaluation. The sample was taken from the general election of 26 June 2016. The profiles of the four political parties most popularly represented in Spain (Partido Popular, Partido Socialista, Podemos, and Ciudadanos) and their leaders (Mariano Rajoy, Pedro Sánchez, Pablo Iglesias, and Albert Rivera respectively), were analysed. A total of 9,049 tweets were studied and the results allowed us to detect various parameters of the management of political agendas on Twitter during the electoral campaign. Among them, it is worth highlighting: the existence of different forms of agenda-setting interactions built by the parties and articulated by the leaders, the low degree of thematic fragmentation, the prevalence of a game frame, the identification of three conditioning factors, and the detection of dissonance between the agenda built by politicians and the interests of the users of this platform.