Suchergebnisse

The article presents the results of studies of the content, structure of sources and conditions for the emergence, growth and development of a new social stratum – the precariat – in Russia. The essential content of this layer, its main characteristics, forms of manifestation, possible consequences of its development are described. The fact is noted that this new social stratum, claiming to be a class, carries a protest potential, which, for the time being, can be weakened. For this, it is necessary to know the structure and content of the sources of formation of this layer in Russia, the conditions for its growth and development. In this regard, a methodology for researching the precariat in Russia has been developed and proposed, the results of researching the potential of one of the sources of its formation and replenishment, namely informal employment, are presented. The results of a survey carried out by the method of expert interviews of one of the groups of informally employed workers, which make it possible to judge about the formation of the structure of this social stratum, are also presented. The results of the study allow concluding that, in Russia, the precariat, as a new socially dangerous stratum, has a material base for its formation, growth and development in the form of informal employment. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to limit this base in order to reduce the protest potential in society. The development of these measures requires further in-depth research, which can be based on the proposed methodology.

The article examines the accumulation of intellectual human capital and highlights the characteristic age periods of its formation. A graphic model of the accumulation and interaction of intellectual human capital of pre-retirees and young people has been developed. On the basis of the analysis of migration processes in Altai Krai, the relevance of such interaction has been justified. A theoretical and comparative analysis of the employment status of higher and secondary specialized educational institution graduates has been carried out. There is an increase in the unemployment of young specialists with higher education and the discrepancy of performed work under the received specialty due to lack of experience. A variant of acquiring such experience is proposed by means of students' study and work combining in senior courses in interaction with specialists of pre-retirement age, who possess intellectual human capital and remain in the labor market due to the increase in the retirement age. The author believes that the proposed interaction between students and pre-retirees should be implemented within the framework of the Demography and Labor Productivity and Employment Support national projects.

The article aims to solve the problems of the development and economic growth of enterprises, organizations, regions, countries through the institutional transformation of social and labor relations during the periods of technological re-equipment of industries and industrial complexes. In theory and methodology, the article is based on Karl Marx's well-known law of the correspondence of relations of production to the level and nature of the development of productive forces. It draws attention to the fact that, when technological changes (which are nothing more than the development of productive forces in the social and labor sphere) are introduced, employees' resistance to changes arises. The reason for the resistance lies in the fact that the social and labor (production, according to Marx) relations that had developed by the time the changes were introduced collide with the technologies being introduced (productive forces). In order to reduce the potential of employees' resistance to changes, the article proposes the following: when managing the implementation of changes, a recommendation is to exert managerial influence on the established institutions of social and labor relations, too. The transformation of the latter, which aims at resolving the arising objectively determined contradictions, will, as follows from the logic of Hegel, contribute to the technological development of enterprises, which, according to Joseph Schumpeter's concept, will also ensure economic growth. Social and labor relations are influenced through the reproduction of the workforce, expressed in employees' better qualifications, which, according to the theoretical provisions of Professor Aleksandr Bychkov, ensures the growth of human capital. Based on the provisions of the classical school of political economy, the concept of development of Schumpeter, the logic of Hegel, and the theoretical provisions of Bychkov, the article proposes a methodological scheme for the institutional transformation of social and labor relations. The scheme aims at resolving objectively determined contradictions between productive forces and social and labor relations, which will ensure technological development and economic growth.

The article considers two interrelated problems of modern Russian higher education: the strengthening of administrative coercion and control as well as the introduction of distance education. As a theoretical and methodological basis of the study, the authors rely on the socio-philosophical analysis of the problems of education in the famous S.I. Hessen's work, where three basic principles of the effective functioning of the university are highlighted: the completeness of scientific knowledge, the freedom of teaching and learning, and self-government. The authors substantiate the view that at present all these principles are violated. Violation of the first of them is manifested in a decrease in hours devoted to the teaching of fundamental disciplines and in a general orientation toward the graduation of a "narrow" specialist; the second principle is incompatible with the extremely increased reporting of universities and overly formalized indicators of the quality of their work. Violation of the third principle is manifested in the gradual elimination of university autonomy, in particular, free election of rectors. The most negative manifestation of administrative pressure, according to the authors, today is the forced introduction of distance learning. The authors critically analyze the main arguments put forward in favor of this project: saving university budgets, ensuring a higher quality of teaching, the need to follow the general logic of modernization of education as a whole. The solution to financial problems, according to the authors, should not be based on forced economy, but on the competent organization of the country's economic life. An appeal to a higher quality of teaching, which, it is argued, must be provided by teachers from the country's central universities, is based on biased and unproven ideas. In addition, for mastering critical and systematic thinking skills, conducting scientific discussions, direct communication between teachers and students is necessary, which is not feasible in the conditions of online teaching with a very large number of students. In addition, the authors highlight the idea that nobody takes into account the need for close knowledge of a particular audience by a teacher to choose an adequate style of lecturing or conducting practical classes. The article concludes that the current administrative-bureaucratic style of managing higher education, in which not only the basic principles of the successful functioning of the latter are violated, but also destructive reforms are carried out, is destructive not only for education as such, but also for the state itself.