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Foreign (especially English) language learning has witnessed growing popularity in Russia over the last decades due to the enormous change in economic, political, legal, and cultural domains in the current period. The increasing need for good English speaking and writing skills put forward a demand for the accurate use of lexical items and grammatical structures by those who study English as a foreign language (EFL). Lexical and grammatical accuracy acquires a crucial importance in reasoning and argumentation. A slapdash word or syntactic construction in the argument structure may submit the listener to a conclusion, which is completely different from what the speaker implied. Such issues may be particularly frustrating in academic, legal, business, medical, and other types of institutional discourse. The rules of Aristotelian logic, underlying the good majority of reasoning structures, are generic. Therefore, it is a certain difference between the two languages, native (Russian) and foreign (English), that makes Russian students of English misinterprete logical chains and use irrelevant lexical items and grammatical constructions.

The article deals with several aspects of language regulation considering social, economic, and political factors as well as their reflection in amateur and academic dictionaries of the English and French languages. It is shown that although the issues of language "purity" have been raised over several centuries, the approaches to the solution of these issues in different countries vary significantly. These differences are primarily associated with the status of the language in the globalizing world of today. Consequently, there is a broad spectrum of political, economic, and social factors that set in motion the various mechanisms of language regulation – from purely scientific interest or laments over the "beauty of the original language" to issues of adequate functioning and, ultimately, the survival of national languages. ; El artículo trata varios aspectos de la regulación lingüística considerando factores sociales, económicos y políticos, así como su reflejo en diccionarios de aficionados y académicos de los idiomas inglés y francés. Se muestra que, aunque los problemas de la "pureza" del lenguaje se han planteado durante varios siglos, los enfoques para la solución de estos problemas en los diferentes países varían significativamente. Estas diferencias se asocian principalmente con el estado del idioma en el mundo globalizado de hoy. En consecuencia, existe un amplio espectro de factores políticos, económicos y sociales que ponen en marcha los diversos mecanismos de regulación del lenguaje, desde el interés puramente científico o lamentos por la "belleza del idioma original" hasta cuestiones de funcionamiento adecuado y, en última instancia, la supervivencia de los idiomas nacionales. ; O artigo trata de diversos aspectos da regulação da língua considerando fatores sociais, econômicos e políticos, bem como sua reflexão em dicionários amadores e acadêmicos das línguas inglesa e francesa. É mostrado que, embora as questões de "pureza" da linguagem tenham sido levantadas ao longo de vários séculos, as ...

The discourse of American politicians like any other political figures prominently features a narrative – a system of interconnected stories that transition from one into another from speech to speech. The ideological narrative in political discourse plays an important part in myth creation in supporting the concept of Exceptional America. The potential of linguistic means, specifically, metaphors, in the narrative is typically used to achieve the main communicative goal – for example, the protection of traditional values, America's right for exceptionalism and promotion of the national interests. Context analysis of the usage of these metaphors shows that the speaker models politics as a means of protecting valuable concepts (freedom, peace, leadership, democracy, security, health, dream) which feeds into a myth in the public consciousness, be it the American dream, American exceptionalism, American freedoms or something else. In these contexts, metaphors are usually aimed at influence rather than modeling the political system. The metaphors capture the audience, show the speaker's solidarity with the public and prompt the people to engage in a dialogue with the authorities, hold those in power accountable, not be afraid, feel the unity and historical continuity of the common cause and build the future together. The conceptual metaphor is an efficient narrative technique and way to transition from language to consciousness. The modeling of the state's actions aimed at protecting the basic values of the American society activates in the addressee's consciousness a metaphorical model that contributes to a more figurative and accessible interpretation of reality. The article deals with the features of metaphor functioning in the modern ideological narrative of the United States of America, expounds the role of the metaphors in the implementation of the global communicative strategy "Us and Them" and the ensuing tactical moves.