Suchergebnisse

This research highlights a neglected paradox of migration policies: whereas narratives on migrants as a security threat in their countries of destination find little support in empirical studies, forcing migrants to return may increase violence and crime back home. Using migrants' exposure to deportation threats at destination as an exogenous source of identification, this paper traces the long shadow of immigration enforcement on violent crime in Mexico, recipient of more than 3.5 million deportees from the US over the period 2000–2015. Enforced return is associated with more homicides and a stronger presence of cartels in migrants' municipalities of origin, as well as a higher sense of insecurity among the population and a higher probability of being assaulted. Identifying these local effects of enforced return are a first step towards unpacking the various direct and indirect channels through which immigration enforcement generates unintended negative outcomes in migrants' communities of origin.

In seinem dritten Anlauf hat der ehemalige Bürgermeister von Mexiko-Stadt gute Aussichten, die Präsidentschaftswahlen im Juli zu gewinnen. Angesichts des angespannten Verhältnisses zu den USA wird es aber auch für Andrés Manuel López Obrador schwierig, die großen Probleme Drogenhandel, Industrieexporte und Migration anzugehen. (IP)

The dissertation addresses the question how remittances - the money sent by migrants to their families back home - relate to incomplete or rudimentary financial markets in the migrants' countries of origin. Because migration and financial services can both be understood as asset-building and risk- management tools, remittances and financial services may, in some cases, substitute for each other – for example, when family members in the US function as a source of capital from outside the regular household to cover emergency spending, similarly to credit or insurance from financial institutions. In other cases remittances and financial services complement each other because financial institutions offer a way of saving remittances or because financial institutions may accept remittances as collateral for loans. These topics are addressed through case studies on Mexico, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic. ; Die kumulative Doktorarbeit fragt danach, wie Remittances - das Geld, das Migranten an Familienmitglieder in ihren Heimatländern schicken - sich zu inkompletten oder rudimentären Finanzinstitutionen in den Empfängerländern verhalten. Genau wie Finanzdienstleistungen können Migration und Remittances als Asset-Building und Risikomanagement-Strategien von Haushalten verstanden werden. In einigen Fällen fungieren Remittances als Substitut für Finanzdienstleistungen, z.B. wenn Verwandte in den USA eine alternative Finanzierungsquelle von außerhalb des lokalen Haushaltes darstellen, und so dazu beitragen, Liquiditätsengpässe angesichts negativer Schocks zu überbrücken - ähnlich zu den von Finanzinstitutionen angebotenen Krediten oder Versicherungsprodukten. In anderen Fällen ergänzen sich Remittances und Finanzdienstleistungen, z.B. wenn Finanzinstitutionen eine Möglichkeit bieten, Remittances monetär zu sparen, oder wenn Remittances als Kollateral für die Vergabe von Krediten akzeptiert werden. Diese Themen werden in Fallstudien zu Mexiko, El Salvador und der Dominikanischen Republik behandelt.

AbstractIn the last two decades, forced removals have been the main feature of U.S. migration policy toward Latin America. In this research, we explore whether this policy has had implications in terms of Latin Americans' public opinion toward their northern neighbor. We argue that deportations breed anti‐Americanism by cutting off the flow of information and money associated with emigration, which has proven to be a source of better dispositions toward the United States. Using public opinion data and municipal data on deportations in El Salvador, we show that these perceptions have worsened over time and that rates of deportation are related to this trend. By using public opinion data on Latin America and deportation rates in the region, we also show that this pattern holds beyond our case study. We call attention to destination migration policies as a source of resentment among domestic audiences, which can be capitalized by new populisms in the region.

AbstractExisting literature on cross-national variation in violence has paid little attention to the transnational transmission of crime. One such channel is the forced return of migrants with a penal record in their country of temporary residence. Responding to this research gap, we study the effect of US deportations of convicts on levels of violent crime in deportees' country of origin for a cross-country panel of up to 123 countries covering the years 2003 to 2014. We find a strong and robust effect of the deportation of convicts on homicide rates in countries of origin, which is to a large degree driven by deportations to Latin America and the Caribbean. An additional inflow of ten deportees with a prior criminal history per 100,000 increases expected homicide rates by roughly two. In addition to controlling for country-specific fixed effects, we provide evidence on a causal effect using an instrumental variable approach, which exploits spatial and time variation in migrant populations' exposure to state-level immigration policies in the United States.

Existing literature on cross-national variation in violence has paid little attention to the transnational transmission of crime. One such channel is the forced return of migrants with a penal record in their country of temporary residence. Responding to this research gap, we study the effect of US deportations of convicts on levels of violent crime in deportees' country of origin for a cross-country panel of up to 123 countries covering the years 2003 to 2014. We find a strong and robust effect of the deportation of convicts on homicide rates in countries of origin, which is to a large degree driven by deportations to Latin America and the Caribbean. An additional inflow of ten deportees with a prior criminal history per 100,000 increases expected homicide rates by roughly two. In addition to controlling for country-specific fixed effects, we provide evidence on a causal effect using an instrumental variable approach, which exploits spatial and time variation in migrant populations' exposure to state-level immigration policies in the United States.