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Using panel data for the fourteen major states of India over the 1980-2000 period, the authors estimate the effect of human capital endowment on the performance of the state economies. They find that greater availability of skilled workers had a positive and significant impact on output in the service sectors. They do not find any such effect for the manufacturing sectors. The paper shows that the differential effect on services and manufacturing arises because service sectors are more skill intensive

AbstractThe impact of the firm's pre‐pandemic financial condition on the likelihood of a decline in its sales due to the COVID‐19 pandemic in 35 developing and emerging countries is estimated. Results show that better access to finance reduces the likelihood of a decline in sales. Access to finance is more effective in arresting sales declines when firms fear that production cuts may lead to the loss of skilled workers and hard‐to‐replace input suppliers. It is less effective when workers, like women, do not wish to continue working for health or family reasons. Important policy implications are discussed.

AbstractEthnic fractionalisation has both positive and negative consequences. We contend that the positive effects of skill complementarity in the production process apply to large firms. Because small businesses rely more on public goods and have less access to institutions, the negative effects of lower quality public goods and higher transaction costs have a greater impact on them. Consistent with this viewpoint, we find that larger firm size significantly mitigates the negative impact of higher ethnic fractionalisation on the level and growth rate of labor productivity in manufacturing firms across 84 developing countries. Evidence on the potential mechanisms is provided.

PT. Kalbe Farma is one of the issuers that earned a very large profit per share during the Covid-19 pandemic, this happened because of PT. Kalbe Farma is a supplier of medical devices and medicines needed by the community and government agencies, even during 2020 PT. Kalbe Farma can distribute dividends twice amid the Covid-19 pandemic conditions. This certainly gives a signal to investors and the public that PT. Kalbe Farma has resilience and can still increase its stock price when the economy is in recession. The purpose of this study is to see how much abnormal return and trading volume activity PT. Kalbe Farma obtained for the announcement of the second dividend in December 2020. The method used in this research is the method of studying events. The observation period was carried out in this study, which is 5 days before the dividend announcement and 5 days after the dividend announcement of PT. Kalbe Farma. The data used in the study were daily stock closing prices, daily JCI data, daily trading volume, and the number of outstanding shares. The results of the study obtained are a significant abnormal return value above 0.05 which is 0.290. The significance value of TVA is 0.380 so it can be concluded that there is an abnormal difference in return and trading volume activity before and after the announcement of pt dividends. Kalbe Farma

The relationship between the length of paid maternity leave and the proportion of female workers in the private sector is explored using firm-level survey data for 66 mostly developing countries. The paper finds a large, positive, and statistically significant relationship between the two. According to the most conservative estimate, an increase of one week of paid maternity leave is associated with a 2.6 percentage points increase in the share of workers in a typical firm that are female. As expected, the stated relationship is much larger when the government pays for maternity leave versus the employer. The results are robust to several controls for firm and country characteristics and other possible heterogeneities in the maternity leave and female workers relationship.

Political unrest, poor economic growth, low savings and tiny coverage of pension are making the elderly to face challenges to survive in Bangladesh. Health care costs of elderly affected their household living standard significantly due to the unbalanced financial liability in Bangladesh. In this study, we conducted a survey on elderly of 311 sample size from four thana: Dhanmondi, Gulshan, Uttara and Mohammadpur in Dhaka City. Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were used to collect demographic, economic, and health related information of elderly. Elderly mostly depend on their family and pension for their financial support at their retirement age, while they rarely depend on insurance in Bangladesh. Besides, price inflation is another cost driver for elderly. This paper focuses on exploring the current state of health and economic position of elderly. Therefore, the logistic regression model was derived to identify the significant key factors (income, pension, health Insurance, physical independence & gender) which were influencing the treatment cost of elderly. Hence, our study also suggests the policy implications (such as specialized bank, social insurance authority, security alert apps, subsidies catering companies, specialized pharmacies etc.) for the upcoming ageing challenges in Bangladesh.

Several studies explore the differences in men's and women's labor market participation rates and wages. Some of these differences have been linked to gender disparities in education attainment and access. The present paper contributes to this literature by analyzing the relationship between the proclivity of a firm to have a female top manager and access to education among women relative to men in the country. The paper combines the literature on women's careers in management, which has mostly focused on developed countries, with the development literature that has emphasized the importance of access to education. Using firm-level data for 73 developing countries, the analysis finds strong evidence that countries with a higher proportion of female top managers also have higher enrollment rates for women relative to men in primary, secondary, and tertiary education.