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AbstractThe morphology, physiology, and behavior of marine organisms have been a valuable source of inspiration for solving conceptual and design problems. Here, we introduce this rich and rapidly expanding field of marine biomimetics, and identify it as a poorly articulated and often overlooked element of the ocean economy associated with substantial monetary benefits. We showcase innovations across seven broad categories of marine biomimetic design (adhesion, antifouling, armor, buoyancy, movement, sensory, stealth), and use this framing as context for a closer consideration of the increasingly frequent focus on deep-sea life as an inspiration for biomimetic design. We contend that marine biomimetics is not only a "forgotten" sector of the ocean economy, but has the potential to drive appreciation of nonmonetary values, conservation, and stewardship, making it well-aligned with notions of a sustainable blue economy. We note, however, that the highest ambitions for a blue economy are that it not only drives sustainability, but also greater equity and inclusivity, and conclude by articulating challenges and considerations for bringing marine biomimetics onto this trajectory.

International audience ; Of all the interconnected threats facing the planet the top two are the climate and biodiversity crises. Neither will be be solved if we ignore the ocean. To turn the tide in favour of humanity and a habitable planet we need to recognise and better value the fundamental role that the ocean plays in the earth system, and prioritize urgent action needed to heal and protect it at the 'Earthscape' level-the planetary scale at which processes to support life operate. The countries gathering at COP26 have unparalleled political capacity and leadership to make this happen. COP26 could be the turning point, where we not only see commitments to united action for the ocean but also plans to meet those commitments based on science-led solutions that address the interconnectivity between the ocean, climate, and biodiversity. Here we first summarise some of the key ways in which the ocean contributes to and has acted as the major buffer of climate change focussing on temperature although not forgetting its role in storing CO2. Noting in particular with 'high confidence' that the ocean has stored 91% of the excess heat from global warming with land, melting ice and the atmosphere only taking up approximately 5%, 3% and 1% respectively (IPCC, 2021). We also highlight the impact of the recent large release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere during the 2015/16 El Niño. We then present six science-based policy actions that form a recovery-stimulus package for people, climate, nature, and the planet. Our proposals highlight what is needed to view, value, and treat the planet, including the ocean, for the benefit and future of all life.

International audience ; Of all the interconnected threats facing the planet the top two are the climate and biodiversity crises. Neither will be be solved if we ignore the ocean. To turn the tide in favour of humanity and a habitable planet we need to recognise and better value the fundamental role that the ocean plays in the earth system, and prioritize urgent action needed to heal and protect it at the 'Earthscape' level-the planetary scale at which processes to support life operate. The countries gathering at COP26 have unparalleled political capacity and leadership to make this happen. COP26 could be the turning point, where we not only see commitments to united action for the ocean but also plans to meet those commitments based on science-led solutions that address the interconnectivity between the ocean, climate, and biodiversity. Here we first summarise some of the key ways in which the ocean contributes to and has acted as the major buffer of climate change focussing on temperature although not forgetting its role in storing CO2. Noting in particular with 'high confidence' that the ocean has stored 91% of the excess heat from global warming with land, melting ice and the atmosphere only taking up approximately 5%, 3% and 1% respectively (IPCC, 2021). We also highlight the impact of the recent large release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere during the 2015/16 El Niño. We then present six science-based policy actions that form a recovery-stimulus package for people, climate, nature, and the planet. Our proposals highlight what is needed to view, value, and treat the planet, including the ocean, for the benefit and future of all life.

International audience ; Of all the interconnected threats facing the planet the top two are the climate and biodiversity crises. Neither will be be solved if we ignore the ocean. To turn the tide in favour of humanity and a habitable planet we need to recognise and better value the fundamental role that the ocean plays in the earth system, and prioritize urgent action needed to heal and protect it at the 'Earthscape' level-the planetary scale at which processes to support life operate. The countries gathering at COP26 have unparalleled political capacity and leadership to make this happen. COP26 could be the turning point, where we not only see commitments to united action for the ocean but also plans to meet those commitments based on science-led solutions that address the interconnectivity between the ocean, climate, and biodiversity. Here we first summarise some of the key ways in which the ocean contributes to and has acted as the major buffer of climate change focussing on temperature although not forgetting its role in storing CO2. Noting in particular with 'high confidence' that the ocean has stored 91% of the excess heat from global warming with land, melting ice and the atmosphere only taking up approximately 5%, 3% and 1% respectively (IPCC, 2021). We also highlight the impact of the recent large release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere during the 2015/16 El Niño. We then present six science-based policy actions that form a recovery-stimulus package for people, climate, nature, and the planet. Our proposals highlight what is needed to view, value, and treat the planet, including the ocean, for the benefit and future of all life.

The authors would like to thank the leadership of the Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI), including Lisa Levin, Maria Baker, and Kristina Gjerde, for their support in developing this review. This work evolved from a meeting of the DOSI Oil and Gas working group supported by the J.M. Kaplan Fund, and associated with the Deep-Sea Biology Symposium in Aveiro, Portugal in September 2015. The members of the Oil and Gas working group that contributed to our discussions at that meeting or through the listserve are acknowledged for their contributions to this work. We would also like to thank the three reviewers and the editor who provided valuable comments and insight into the work presented here. DJ and AD were supported by funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the MERCES (Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Changing European Seas) project, grant agreement No 689518. AB was supported by CNPq grants 301412/2013-8 and 200504/2015-0. LH acknowledges funding provided by a Natural Environment Research Council grant (NE/L008181/1). This output reflects only the authors' views and the funders cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Recent years have seen a rapid increase in survey and sampling expeditions to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) abyssal plain, a vast area of the central Pacific that is currently being actively explored for deep-sea minerals (ISA, 2016). Critical to the development of evidence-based environmental policy in the CCZ are data on the biogeography and connectivity of species at a CCZ-regional level. The London Workshop on the Biogeography and Connectivity of the CCZ was convened to support the integration and synthesis of data from European Union (EU) CCZ projects, supported by the EU Managing Impacts of Deep-Sea Resource Exploitation (MIDAS) and EU Joint Programming Initiative Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans (JPI Oceans) projects. The London Workshop had three clear goals: (1) To explore, review and synthesise the latest molecular biogeography and connectivity data from across recent CCZ cruises from both contractor and academia-funded projects; (2) To develop complementary and collaborative institutional and program-based academic publication plans to avoid duplication of effort and ensure maximum collaborative impact; (3) To plan a joint synthetic data publication highlighting key results from a range of planned molecular biogeography/connectivity publications. 32 participants attended the workshop at the Natural History Museum in London from 10-12 May 2016. Presentations and discussions are summarised in this report covering (1) overviews of current CCZ environmental projects, (2) policy and industry perspectives, (3) synthesis of DNA taxonomy and biogeography studies, (4) summaries of the latest population genetic studies, (5) summaries of the latest broader morphological context, (6) an overview of publication and proposal plans to maximise collaborative opportunities and finally a series of workshop recommendations.