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In this article we estimate the growth elasticity of employment by gender for 160 countries during 1990-2010. We then econometrically model these elasticities to draw out the structural contexts in which gendered employment outcomes respond differently to growth, including measures of economic structure, demographic change, macroeconomic stability, global stance and policy, and income distribution and institutional development. Our investigation shows that the relative size of the service sector and the ratio of female to male labor force participation are key determinants of differences in employment elasticities by gender, creating higher elasticities for women than men. We also find that the terms of global integration, as measured by the current account balance, growth in the terms of trade, and the share of foreign direct investment in investment, are important for both female and male employment elasticities. JEL Classification: O5, F4, B54

Theories of economic globalization suggest that public opinion‐public policy congruence should be affected by a state's degree of integration with international markets. With as much attention researchers have given to the opinion‐policy linkage in the American states, it is surprising that this literature has neglected these well‐known globalization frameworks. We take advantage of the wide variation in U.S. states' integration in global markets, public policies, and political orientations of citizens, to assess whether global market integration depresses the association between citizen opinion and public policies. Using three decades of state‐level data, our results suggest that high global market integration does not attenuate the relationship between state opinion and state public spending. Not only does this finding run counter to the well‐known policy convergence thesis, but our results also suggest that the association between opinion and policy in the American states may be strongest under conditions of high global market integration.Related Articles

Pierson, Chris, and
Louise Humpage. 2016. "." Politics & Policy 44 (): 261‐293.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12150/full

Butz, Adam M., and
Jason E. Kehrberg. 2015. "." Politics & Policy 43 (): 256‐286.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12115/abstract

Anderson, Lori. 2014. "." Politics & Policy 42 (): 459‐473.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12075/fullRelated Media

Higgins, Parker. 2015. "TPP's Copyright Trap." Electronic Frontier Foundation.
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/07/tpp-copyright-trap-our-last-stand-against-undemocratic-international-agreements

Trumka, Richard. 2015. "Richard Trumka: TPP 'Designed To Be Infinitely Expandable,' May Be 'The Last Trade Agreement.'"
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2015/04/22/afl-cio_president_richard_trumka_tpp_designed_to_be_infinitely_expandable_may_be_the_last_trade_agreement_we_negotiate.html