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This book is the first social history of the census from its origins to the present and has become the standard history of the population census in the United States. The second edition has been updated to trace census developments since 1980, including the undercount controversies, the arrival of the American Community Survey, and innovations of the digital age. Margo J. Anderson's scholarly text effectively bridges the fields of history and public policy, demonstrating how the census both reflects the country's extraordinary demographic character and constitutes an influential tool for policy making. Her book is essential reading for all those who use census data, historical or current, in their studies or work.--

This book is the first social history of the census from its origins to the present and has become the standard history of the population census in the United States. The second edition has been updated to trace census developments since 1980, including the undercount controversies, the arrival of the American Community Survey, and innovations of the digital age. Margo J. Anderson's scholarly text effectively bridges the fields of history and public policy, demonstrating how the census both reflects the country's extraordinary demographic character and constitutes an influential tool for policy making. Her book is essential reading for all those who use census data, historical or current, in their studies or work.--

Traces the practice of racial counting across the revolutionary & antebellum eras in US history, when it was utilized to differentiate the slave & free populations for the purposes of tax allocation & segregation. The role of political partisanship in this practice is highlighted. Until 1810, "free coloreds" & slaves were not initially differentiated; only the characteristics of the white population were considered important for census purposes. Debate surrounding the "Three Fifths Compromise" enacted during the drafting of the US Constitution became fevered during the antebellum period amid various controversies over the future of black slavery. Fiery rhetoric that erupted over proposals to repeal the compromise, which would have based the legislative apportionment to Congress only on a state's free population, is reviewed; the reemergence of this controversy in MO in 1819 over proposals to ban slaves from the state is also discussed. The introduction in 1820 of new census distinctions based on age & sex cohorts for the slave & free black populations & the 1850 introduction of the "mulatto" or "mixed race" category & the shift to an individual- rather than household-level census count are detailed. After the Civil War, the southern states saw their representation in Congress increase with the addition of free blacks to the census count; northern Republicans countered with the Fourteenth Amendment, which reduced a state's representation if it denied the right to vote to all male citizens. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 37 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

The roots of the modern concept of statistical confidentiality in the US federal statistical system can be traced directly back to the late nineteenth century efforts of statisticians to ensure full and accurate responses by businesses to statistical inquiries. Officials argued that such confidentiality guarantees were needed to ensure that the providers of enterprise and establishment data could be confident that the statistical agencies could not be forced to share their responses with others, such as regulatory or tax authorities, congressional investigators, prying journalists, and competitors, who might use this information to the detriment of the data provider. Nevertheless, over the years, the principle of statistical confidentiality with respect to information provided by businesses in statistical inquiries has been repeatedly challenged by other executive branch departments, independent regulatory agencies, the courts, Congress, and members of the public, with quite varied results.
The paper uses the published record and archival research to examine the history of challenges to statistical confidentiality, and the responses of the statistical agencies, the federal statistical system as a whole, including the office of the chief statistician in OMB (and its predecessors), executive department and independent non-statistical agencies, the courts, and Congress as well as representatives of the business community. Long-term trends and the implications for maintaining and strengthening the confidentiality protections for establishment- and enterprise-level business data provided to federal agencies for statistical purposes are discussed.

"Who Counts? offers a detailed review of the preparation, implementation, and aftermath of the last three censuses. It recounts the growing criticisms of inaccuracy and undercounting, and the work to develop new enumeration strategies."--BOOK JACKET. "Who Counts? concludes with a discussion of the proposed census design for 2000, as well as the implications of population counts on the composition and size of Congress. This volume reveals in extraordinary detail the interplay of law, politics, and science that propel the ongoing census debate, a debate whose outcome will have tremendous impact on the distribution of political power and economic resources among the nation's communities."--Jacket

This edition updates and expands a critically-acclaimed resource to the history, politics, content, procedures, and uses of the decennial census of the American population. The book highlights changes in the Census Bureau's data collection and dissemination practices for the 2010 enumeration