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Economic geographers study and attempt to explain the spatial configuration of economic activities, including the production of goods and services, their transfer from one economic agent to another and their transformation into utility by consumers. The spatial configuration, which includes both the pattern of activities on the map and the relationships between activities occurring in different places, is the outcome of a vast number of distinct but interrelated decisions made by firms, households, governments and a variety of other private and public institutions. The goal of this book is to

Contents: 1. Introduction / Kakuya Matsushima and William P. Anderson -- Part I: Transportation infrastructure and economic growth -- 2. Railways and regional growth, dispersion and concentration in Scandinavia during 150 years / Hans Westlund -- 3. Regional economic impacts of a transportation infrastructure project: the Herb Grey parkway / William P. Anderson, Hanna Maoh and Charles Burke -- 4. Modeling transportation in general equilibrium / Gautam Ray -- 5. Comparative assessment of public transportation infrastructure and regional economic development / Zhenhua Chen and Kingsley E. Haynes -- Part II: Models for transportation planning and policy -- 6. Second best toll pricing of highway taking account of maintenance costs / Shunsuke Segi and Kiyoshi Kobayashi -- 7. Armington elasticities in multi-regional trade for transport policy in Japan / Keisuke Sato and Atsushi Koike -- 8. Empirical analysis of transport cost for interregional trade / Yoko Konishi, Se-il Mun, Yoshihiko Nishiyama and Ji-eun Sung -- 9. Airport charges, infrastructure life cycle, and economic impact: a case study of Hong Kong / Yulai Wan and Anming Zhang -- Part III: Studies on the spatial structure of cities -- 10. Synergy effects of face-to-face interactions and urban spatial structure / Toshimori Otazawa and Yuki Ohira -- 11. Endogenous formation of urban structure with residential sorting / Kakuya Matsushima and Kiyoshi Kobayashi -- 12. A discount point system and vitalization of a commercial district with small retail / Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Masamitsu Onishi -- 13. Personal purpose inter-regional travels: an integrator of historical inter-regional migrations / Makoto Okumura and Hiromichi Yamaguchi -- 14. A model of commuting and the economic milieu : an analysis using aggregated data for Sweden / Thomas Laitila, Marie Lundgren and Michael Olsson -- Part IV: Transformations in the knowledge economy -- 15. Internal and external knowledge and development in regions / åke E Andersson and Börje Johansson -- Dedication: Professor Kiyoshi Kobayashi / Kakuya Matsushima and Bill Anderson -- Index.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe an economic region straddling the Canada‐USA border between Ontario and Michigan from historical and contemporary perspectives. It aims to highlight policy challenges for federal, state, provincial and municipal governments.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides a general review based on academic literature, government and consultant reports and data from a variety of sources. It begins with a historical review of the study regions. This is followed by a more detailed contemporary review of conditions arising since the attacks of September 11, 2001. A number of possible and ongoing policy options for various orders of government are then described.FindingsThe paper finds that Ontario and Michigan comprise a highly integrated economic region with a particular focus on automotive production. Within that region the Canada‐USA border is a key transportation bottleneck whose impedance effect has gotten worse in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. A variety of policies have been implemented to try to reduce the cost of the border with mixed success and there is little cross‐border interaction among lower orders of government.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge there has been no other paper published in an academic journal that describes the history, current situation and policy issues of the study region. The value of this paper lies in providing a multidisciplinary overview and a starting point for further research on the region.

Data on trade flows between states and provinces in the year 1992 are analyzed in order to explore the regional structure of Canada–U.S.trade. An index of integration based on the these data shows significant variation in levels of interdependence across pairs of regions on opposite sides of the border. Most of this variation appears to stem from patterns of intermediate goods trade. Further analysis is conducted to distinguish between pairs of regions with similar industrial structures which are highly integrated due to intra‐industry trade and pairs with complementary industrial structures that are highly integrated due to inter‐industry trade. The friction of distance appears to play a major role in distinguishing between these two types of relationships. Specifically, trade can be quite strong between regions with similar industrial structures, but this trade tends to be limited to regions in close geographic proximity. As the distance between regions increases, trade based on different but complementary industrial structures becomes increasingly dominant.

ABSTRACT This paper explores possible ways in which growth in Internet retailing (e‐retailing) may affect the spatial distribution of economic activities. After a brief overview of e‐retailing, a categorization of possible spatial impacts is introduced. These include impacts on the retail industry, such as substitution of e‐retail for brick‐and‐mortar retail, impacts on transportation, such as substitution of freight transportation for personal transportation in goods delivery, and pervasive impacts that affect the whole economy. The latter category includes uniform delivered pricing, spatial leveling of accessibility, and marketing strategies that target individuals rather than regions. The question of whether e‐retailing and brick‐and‐mortar retailing are truly substitutes is taken up in the next section, along with potential implications of multi‐channel retailing. The final section of the paper defines some critical research directions.

1. Introduction and overview -- 2. Demographic, urban, and economic evolution in the megalopolis -- 3. General purpose technologies of transport and ICT and the emergence of globalized economies -- 4. Structural change and the rise of the knowledge economy : underlying technologies and processes -- 5. Passage to the knowledge economy in the megalopolis : the empirical record -- 6. Spatial evolution of the megalopolis as a functional economic region -- 7. Globalization, tradable and non-tradable sectors, and widening income inequalities in the megalopolis knowledge economy -- 8. Conclusion.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Transport and Trade Facilitation: An Overview -- Regional Trading Blocs -- Overview -- Transport and Trade Facilitation -- The Components of an Advanced TTF System -- Lessons Learned -- 2. Transport and Trade in the North American Free Trade Agreement -- NAFTA: The Scope and Evolution of Trade Integration -- Overview of NAFTA -- Transportation and Trade Facilitation under NAFTA -- Economic Deregulation: Prerequisite for Seamless Cross-Border Transportation -- Rules of the Road: The Complex Problem of Technical Regulation -- Borders as Barriers -- Conclusion and Lessons Learned -- 3. Transport Integration in the European Union -- Historical Overview -- Institutions of the European Union -- Transportation in the European Union -- Interoperability -- Market Access -- Developing Trans-European Networks -- Conclusions -- 4. Transport and Trade in Mercosur -- Treaty of Asuncion -- Mercosur Partners and Their Evolving Integration -- Transport Privatization and Deregulation -- Transport Privatization in Argentina -- Transport Infrastructure -- Transport Integration and Activity Restructuring -- 5. Southern African Development Community: The Maputo Corridor -- The Maputo Development Corridor -- The Development Corridor Concept -- History and Context of MDC -- Plan, Operation, and Potential Benefits -- Institutional Problems -- 6. Transport, Logistics, and Trade Facilitation in the South Asia Subregion -- Profile of the Subregion -- Transportation and Logistics Arrangements in the Subregion -- Transport Infrastructure -- Cross-Border Procedures -- Ports -- Conclusion -- 7. Urbanization and Regional Trade in South Asia: Issues and Options -- Globalization of Trade and the Economic Geography of City Location -- Changes in Demographics and Income Disparities in Cities and Countries -- Urbanization.

This paper departs from the existing growth literature in not assuming a priori a specific production technology and offering instead a theory of production technology that captures the effects of changes in the level, composition, and forces of accumulation of capital on the productivity of an economy. The theory of production technology shows that an affluent knowledge‐rich economy violates the Inada second condition because of its high level of knowledge, human, and social capital. Substitution of knowledge capital for physical capital and the self‐reinforcing nature of the process of accumulation of knowledge, human, and social capital are the engines of growth in such economies. Poor economies, on the other hand, may exhibit neoclassical production technology of diminishing returns to capital and get trapped into a low‐level steady state owing to their ever‐growing need for physical capital and also to unfavorable supply conditions for knowledge capital, lower levels of knowledge, human, and social capital in these economies being inadequate to trigger the self‐reinforcing dynamics. The mechanics of endogenous growth are essentially different in rich and poor economies because the production possibility surface is non‐convex in the former, and this difference explains the sustained divergence of their growth rates.