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We are at a time when international law and the law of war are particularly important. The testing of nuclear weapons that is being used in the rhetoric surrounding threats of war is creating new fears and heightening current tensions. Richard Falk has for decades been an outspoken authority calling for nuclear disarmament and the enforcement of non-proliferation treaties. In this collection of essays, Falk examines the global threats to all humanity posed by nuclear weapons. He is not satisfied with accepting arms control measures as a managerial stopgap to these threats and seeks no less than to move the world back from the nuclear precipice and towards denuclearization. Falk's essays reflect the wisdom and innovative thinking he has brought to his long career as a scholar and activist, as he reminds nuclear weapons states of their obligation under international law and moral imperative to seek nuclear disarmament.

"This collection of scholarly and critical essays about the legal aspects of the Vietnam War explores the crimes of aggression committed by the United States against North Vietnam: war crimes by bombing civilian targets like schools and hospitals and by using napalm, cluster bombs, and Agent Orange; crimes against humanity by moving large parts of the population to so called "Strategic Hamlets"; and genocide. International Lawyer Richard Falk, who was able to observe these act in North Vietnam in 1968, uses International Law to show how they occurred. This book brings together essays he has written on the Vietnam War and its relationship to international law, American foreign policy, and the global world order. Falk argues that only a stronger adherence to International Law can save the world from such future tragedies and create a sustainable world order"--

Patient and public involvement is a way of ensuring that research and practices are more responsive to their target groups. This study, inspired by discourse psychology, explores the knowledge contributions of informal carers who participated in group meetings to co-create a support intervention. Findings highlight that carers' knowledge is complex, including more than practical caring experiences. Acknowledging carers' knowledge contributions and involving a heterogeneous sample of carers are key considerations for patient and public involvement in research; otherwise, there is a danger of establishing risks of injustice. Accepting the multifaceted knowledge of carers could increase the validity of research and the relevance of interventions developed.

AbstractThe general discourse in health and social care policy purports digital technology as necessary to meet growing demands for long-term care and health care as a result of an ageing population. This needs critical investigation since public policy influences people's health and wellbeing. This study aims to interrogate critically what we call the 'digital technology solution' discourse in local Swedish health and social care policies. The main concern of our analysis is the discursive constructions of older people and their informal carers and how the concept of health is constructed. A discourse analysis was conducted of 61 local policy documents using the 'What's the Problem Represented to Be' method. Our analysis revealed that so-called 'e-health strategies' were rarely concerned with health. Health was often referred to as an activity and seen as a means to achieve independence among older people. The norm advocated independence, with the responsibility placed upon the older person, supported by digital technology. Informal carers were constructed as a resource within an older person's environment and largely taken for granted. We argue that the digital solution discourse ignores older people's agency and capacities as contributors to society, not least with regards to being providers of informal care.

How best to support working carers is being paid increased attention across Europe and internationally. This article examines a largely unexplored area within the empirical literature, namely, information and communication technology-mediated support for working carers of older people. Using an integrative review methodology to draw on both quantitative and qualitative data, 14 studies were identified. Themes included making work–life balance easier, reducing the burden of caregiving and promoting well-being. Factors to consider in the design, implementation and evaluation of innovative support solutions for working carers are put forward. However, a lack of longitudinal studies and biased samples warrants further investigation.

Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds consisting of only hydrogen and aromatic carbon rings. PAHs are neutral, non-polar molecules that are produced due to incomplete combustion of organic matter. These compounds are carcinogenic and interact with biological nucleophiles to inhibit the normal metabolic functions of the cells. In Norway, the most important sources of PAH pollution are considered to be metallurgical industries, offshore oil industries, transport and wood burning. Stricter governmental regulations regarding emissions to the outer and internal environment combined with increased awareness of the potential health effects have motivated Norwegian metal industries to increase their efforts to reduce emissions considerably. One of the objective of the ongoing industry and Norwegian research council supported "SCORE" project at SINTEF is to remove PAH from a hot gas stream through controlled combustion of the PAH inside a dedicated combustion chamber. The sizing and configuration of the combustion chamber depends on the properties of the bulk gas stream and the properties of the PAH itself. In order to achieve efficient and complete combustion of the PAH, the residence time and temperature need to be optimized. In the present study, the oxidation of pure PAH and PAH mixed with process gas is modelled using a Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) concept. PSR concept was useful for understanding the influence of residence time and temperature on the oxidation of PAH to CO2 and water. Furthermore, a computationally fast approach based on Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) is proposed for understanding the oxidation of PAH inside complex geometries. The Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) yields a detailed composition regarding species and temperature in the combustion chamber. ; publishedVersion

Purpose
In Sweden, the care of older people and people with disabilities is increasingly carried out by informal carers, often family members, who are unpaid and outside a professional or formal framework. While there is an increasing awareness of the role of carers within service systems and their own needs for support, their involvement in research is underexplored. The purpose of this paper is to explore carers' views and experiences of involvement in research and development (R&D) work.


Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative study was conducted, consisting of 12 individual interviews with carers from different local Swedish carer organizations.


Findings
Core findings included carers' discussions of the perceived challenges and benefits of their involvement in research, both generally and more specifically, in the context of their involvement in the development of a national carer strategy.


Research limitations/implications
Limitations included the relative lack of male carer participants and the convenience sample.


Practical implications
Authentic carer involvement in research demands a high level of engagement from researchers during the entire research process. The provided CRAC framework, with reference to the themes community, reciprocity, advocacy and circumstantiality, may help researchers to understand and interpret carer involvement in research and provide the prerequisites for their involvement.


Originality/value
There is a dearth of studies that systematically examine carer involvement in research. This paper attempts to redress this gap by providing a nuanced analysis of carer involvement in R&D work from the perspective of carers themselves.

Purpose In Sweden, the care of older people and people with disabilities is increasingly carried out by informal carers, often family members, who are unpaid and outside a professional or formal framework. While there is an increasing awareness of the role of carers within service systems and their own needs for support, their involvement in research is underexplored. The purpose of this paper is to explore carers' views and experiences of involvement in research and development (R&D) work. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study was conducted, consisting of 12 individual interviews with carers from different local Swedish carer organizations. Findings Core findings included carers' discussions of the perceived challenges and benefits of their involvement in research, both generally and more specifically, in the context of their involvement in the development of a national carer strategy. Research limitations/implications - Limitations included the relative lack of male carer participants and the convenience sample. Practical implications - Authentic carer involvement in research demands a high level of engagement from researchers during the entire research process. The provided CRAC framework, with reference to the themes community, reciprocity, advocacy and circumstantiality, may help researchers to understand and interpret carer involvement in research and provide the prerequisites for their involvement. Originality/value There is a dearth of studies that systematically examine carer involvement in research. This paper attempts to redress this gap by providing a nuanced analysis of carer involvement in R&D work from the perspective of carers themselves.

SMED is short for Swedish Environmental Emissions Data, which is a collaboration between IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SCB Statistics Sweden, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. This study has examined noise exposure on a national scale for Sweden by calculating road and rail noise for the entire country. Calculations have been made according to the Nordic Prediction Method for both road and rail. For aviation noise, data is extracted directly from Swedavias yearly noise report with addition of military flights. Because of the large scale of noise mapping, several simplifications have been made in both data and calculations. For validation, the national noise mapping has been compared to noise data reported to EU via the Environmental Noise Directive (END), indicating a ratio of 0.4-1.5 compared to END data for road in intervals between 52.5 and >72.5 dBa and 1-1.8 for rail for the intervals between 49 and >69 dBA. Since 1998, the Environmental Protection Agency has produced national noise analysis, similar to this one for the years; 1992 (Wittmark, 1992), 1995 (Wittmark, 1997), 2000 (Ingemansson Technology AB , 2002), 2006 (WSP Akustik, 2009), 2011 (SWECO, 2014). Even though the task and method for these previous reports were similar, there are many differences. Therefor a trend analysis is not feasible. There are many aspects that could improve accuracy for future national mapping such as including definition of hard and soft ground effect due to different ground types, estimation of exposure point height using building geometries. Most likely the most important change is to include buildings and noise barriers effects on noise.

This study has examined noise exposure on a national scale for Sweden by calculating road and rail noise for the entire country. Calculations have been made according to the Nordic Prediction Method for both road and rail. For aviation noise, data is extracted directly from Swedavias yearly noise report with addition of military flights. Because of the large scale of noise mapping, several simplifications have been made in both data and calculations. For validation, the national noise mapping has been compared to noise data reported to EU via the Environmental Noise Directive (END), indicating a ratio of 0.4-1.5 compared to END data for road in intervals between 52.5 and >72.5 dBa and 1-1.8 for rail for the intervals between 49 and >69 dBA. The results from the calculated population noise exposure in Sweden 2018 and costs is concluded in the report. Since 1998, the Environmental Protection Agency has produced national noise analysis, similar to this one for the years; 1992 (Wittmark, 1992), 1995 (Wittmark, 1997), 2000 (Ingemansson Technology AB , 2002), 2006 (WSP Akustik, 2009), 2011 (SWECO, 2014). Even though the task and method for these previous reports were similar, there are many differences. Therefor a trend analysis is not feasible. There are many aspects that could improve accuracy for future national mapping such as including definition of hard and soft ground effect due to different ground types, estimation of exposure point height using building geometries. Most likely the most important change is to include buildings and noise barriers effects on noise. ; Denna studie har undersökt bullerexponering på nationell nivå för Sverige från väg-, spår- och flygtrafik. Beräkningar av ljudnivåer har utförts för alla statliga och kommunala vägar samt statliga spår. För flygbuller har resultat använts från Swedavias årliga bullerrapport med tillägg av antalet exponerade för militära flyg. På grund av den stora omfattningen av en nationell bullerkartläggning har flera förenklingar och antaganden gjorts på både underlag och beräkningar. Därför har validering utförts mot det resultat som rapporteras till EU från alla större svenska kommuner i enlighet med det europeiska bullerdirektivet (END). Valideringen indikerar på ett förhållande på 0,4-1,5 för vägtrafikberäkningarna i intervall mellan 52,5 och >72,5 dBA och ett förhållande på 1-1,8 för spårtrafikberäkningarna i intervallen mellan 49 och >69 dBA. Resultatet från den beräknade befolkningsexponeringen i Sverige 2018 och socioekonomisk kostnad presenteras i rapporten. Naturvårdsverket har sedan år 1998, publicerat flera bullerkartläggningar över Sverige gällande år; 1992 (Wittmark, 1992), 1995 (Wittmark, 1997), 2000 (Ingemansson Technology AB , 2002), 2006 (WSP Akustik, 2009), 2011 (SWECO, 2014). Även om syfte och metod har varit liknande mellan tidigare versioner, finns det många stora skillnader i metodikval och antaganden. Det är därför inte rimligt att utföra en trendanalys med data ifrån de föregående rapporterna. Det finns flera aspekter som kan förbättra noggrannheten för framtida nationella bullerkartläggningar. Det inkluderar exempelvis definiering av hård eller mjuk mark på grund av olika marktyper, uppskattning av exponeringspunkters höjd och placering i relation till tredimensionella byggnadsstrukturer. Den metodförbättring som mest sannolikt har störst inverkan på resultatet är införandet av byggnader och bullerskärmars inverkan på buller.