Suchergebnisse

This paper analyze the pricing system in force of refrigerated logistics operators in the transport of perishable goods in groupage loads, responding to how prices are determined in this transport, what influences them and how much. Using Spanish data for 2008, obtained directly from a sample of haulage firms, we formulate a model that allows the identification of the ordinary tariffs, final prices and the main components involved, and distinguishing what extent these prices reflect the cost of production resulting from the activity. Based on the estimated equations, it can state that distribution companies are pricing according to their total mean cost by using final prices expressly calculated for each customer from an ordinary tariff, reflecting the cost structure of the company, which is applied bonus depending on the requested service and the commercial policy of the company. Results represent a contribution to the transport economics literature, as they refer an economic phenomenon unexplored due to the difficulties in the measurement of prices and costs, as well as decision makers in company, which are provided with relevant information to achieve a reduction in costs. ; http://www.libraweb.net/riviste.php?chiave=67&h=418&w=300 ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S. (2013). Prices and costs structure in the Spanish transport of perishable in groupage loads. International Journal of Transport Economics. / Rivista Internazionale di Economia dei Trasporti. 40(1):9-30. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/37136 ; S ; 9 ; 30 ; 40 ; 1

Creative Commons Attribution License ; [EN] In this paper, we analyze the current Spanish tariff system as applied by low-temperature distribution companies on transport in part loads of perishable freight that are destined to Spain's main European export markets. Using 2008 data that have been directly obtained from a sample of transport companies, the price structure is formulated by making a distinction between ordinary and final prices and their respective variables. Next, the price structure is compared to the mean production costs. According to our calculations, we can state that the tariffs of distribution companies depend on the mean total cost, and they are estimated by using final prices calculated expressly for every customer. Finally, this paper outlines directions for future empirical work. ; [ES] Este trabajo analiza el sistema de tarificación aplicado en España por los operadores logísticos de frío (OLF) en el transporte de alimentos perecederos en carga fraccionada con destino a los principales mercados europeos de exportación. A partir de datos recabados en una muestra de OLF, se formula un modelo que posibilita la identificación de los componentes que integran el precio final. El análisis econométrico distingue en qué medida son relevantes dichos componentes y constata que los OLF tarifican según el coste total medio, empleando precios finales que calculan expresamente para cada cliente, dado que hay demandas de distinta intensidad a lo largo del año y trayectos con diferencias acusadas en los costes de producción. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S. (2012). Refrigeration logistics operations and perishable transport costs in groupage loads: an application for Spanish exports in Europe. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria. 39(2):265-278. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59741 ; S ; 265 ; 278 ; 39 ; 2

Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Venezuela ; Este artículo se refiere a un producto, la Stevia, capaz de revolucionar el mercado de los endulzantes, debido a sus propiedades totalmente naturales que lo convierten en perfecto sustituto del azúcar y los edulcorantes artificiales. La Stevia se analiza desde un enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo. Cualitativamente, se pretende mitigar el desconocimiento sobre la misma, ofreciendo un estudio descriptivo de sus propiedades, usos, aplicaciones y barreras que enfrenta su comercialización. Considerando que es un tema escasamente tratado bajo una perspectiva cuantitativa, se recogen datos dispersos sobre producción y se realizan una serie de ejercicios de cálculo, a fin de inferir las cantidades producidas de hojas, cristales, hectáreas cultivadas y la demanda potencial en los principales países. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S. (2011). Aproximación a la comprensión de un endulzante natural alternativo, la Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: producción, consumo y demanda potencial. Agroalimentaria. 17(32):57-69. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59571 ; S ; 57 ; 69 ; 17 ; 32

[EN] In this paper we analyze the total costs generated to low-temperature distribution companies by the transport in part load of perishable freight. Using the data of 2008, which have been directly obtained from a sample of transport companies, the social costs and the tariff system are estimated with the aim of accentuating the difference between the external costs and producer costs, and comparing them with final prices. According to those calculations we can state that current tariff system offers enough resources to cover the external costs. ; [ES] En este trabajo se analizan los costes totales que genera a los operadores logísticos de frío su actividad de transporte de alimentos perecederos en carga fraccionada. Utilizando datos para el año 2008, obtenidos directamente de una muestra de empresas porteadoras, se cuantifican socialmente dichos costes y se formula la estructura de precios, al objeto de detallar las divergencias que existen entre los costes externos y los costes privados del productor y compararlos con el precio final al que se ofrece el servicio. Se constata que el actual sistema de tarificación genera recursos suficientes para soportar los costes externos del transporte. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S. (2011). Estimación de los costes totales de los operadores logísticos de frío. ¿Son relevantes los costes externos en el transporte de alimentos perecederos?. ITEA. Información Técnica Económica Agraria. 107(2):126-147. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/38070 ; S ; 126 ; 147 ; 107 ; 2

[EN] 21st century is characterised by a steady growth in the global demand for basic foodstuffs. This paper reviews the drivers of this growth, through a descriptive analysis of the main literature on the subject, in order to synthesize the most relevant information generated by researchers and position the current state of the issue. The results of the analysis suggest that emerging economies have taken over in the increase of food imports; this is due to the potential of countries such as China, India, Brazil and Russia, which have become propellers of the global economy. From the developing countries, the increase in population and income are the driving forces behind the dynamism of world food demand, whose direct consequences are the increase in per capita consumption, the acceleration of the urbanization process in these regions and the increase in the consumption of products with greater added value. In developed economies, increases in per capita income do not translate into increases in the demand for food; rather, its role with respect to global demand is to promote it as they deepen the production of biofuels, the liberalization of the agricultural sector and the signing of trade agreements. Finally, the work concludes by warning about the uncertainties that surround the demand for food imports, including the crucial role played by climate change. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; López-Miquel, JF. (2019). Characterizing the Drivers of Global Food Trade Growth in 21th Century. Journal of Agricultural Science. 11(10):14-28. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n10p14 ; S ; 14 ; 28 ; 11 ; 10

Ciencia e Investigación Agraria is a quarterly publication of the School of Agriculture and Forest Engineering of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. This journal is published in print (ISSN 0304-5609) and online (ISSN 0718-1620) in English. Total or partial reproduction of the material published in Ciencia e Investigación Agraria is authorized if the source is cited. The opinions and statements expressed in the research represent only the views of the authors. ; [EN] Our research examines the agricultural labor market from the perspective of new Keynesian economics. Our aim is to verify that total gross output, total factor productivity, and real wages act as determinants of employment levels in Spanish agriculture. Three structural econometric models were estimated using census data for the period 1998-2013. This was a period of profound economic and social change, and the following two distinct sub-periods were compared: 1998-2007 (a period of economic boom) and 2008-2013 (a period of recession). The empirical evidence is consistent with neo-Keynesian theoretical posits, albeit with certain qualifiers derived from the specifically rural nature of the evidence. The results show a negative relationship between employment and productivity and wages, which intensified during the recession. ; [ES] La investigación relaciona el mercado de trabajo agrícola con la escuela de pensamiento Nueva Economía Keynesiana. Su propósito es comprobar que la producción bruta, la productividad total factorial y los salarios actúan como determinantes del empleo en la agricultura española. A partir de datos censales se estiman tres modelos econométricos de carácter estructural en un periodo de profundos cambios dentro del contexto económico y social, 1998-2013, por lo que se comparan dos subperiodos distintos, 1998-2007 y 2008-2013, de auge y recesión económica respectivamente. La evidencia empírica es, en general, consistente con los postulados teóricos neokeynesianos, aunque con ciertas matizaciones ...

The purpose of the work is to analyse the development of the production of the main agricultural raw materials in Spain during the period 1990-2009. The main raw materials are defined by calculating the percentage of the production value of each raw material in relation to the total production value of the agricultural sub-sector to which it belongs. Subsequently, thanks to the top-down management of these values, the former are regarded as primary raw materials in each sub-sector. Multivariate statistical techniques examine the relationship between the evolution of the production of each main raw material and variables such as prices received by producers, CAP reforms or changes in other relevant variables such as harvested area or yield. The results show that the territorial variables and the price received are the variables that best explain the value of Spanish agricultural production. Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; Llorens soldier, MJ. (2012). Contribution of variables stimulating agricultural production in Spain (1990-2009). Studies in Applied Economies. 30 (1): 367-386. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/35851 ; 367 386 30 1 ; The purpose of the work is to analyse the development of the production of the main agricultural raw materials in Spain during the period 1990-2009. The main raw materials are defined by calculating the percentage of the production value of each raw material in relation to the total production value of the agricultural sub-sector to which it belongs. Subsequently, thanks to the top-down management of these values, the former are regarded as primary raw materials in each sub-sector. Multivariate statistical techniques examine the relationship between the evolution of the production of each main raw material and variables such as prices received by producers, CAP reforms or changes in other relevant variables such as harvested area or yield. The results show that the territorial variables and the price received are the variables that best explain the value of Spanish agricultural production. ...

El objeto del trabajo es analizar la evolución de la producción de las principales materias primas agrarias en España durante el periodo 1990-2009. Se definen las materias primas principales mediante cálculo del porcentaje del valor de la producción de cada materia prima con respecto al valor de la producción total del subsector agrario al que pertenece. Posteriormente y gracias a la ordenación descendente de estos valores, se consideran materias primas principales a las primeras de dicha ordenación en cada subsector. Se examina mediante técnicas estadísticas multivariantes la relación que existe entre la evolución de la producción de cada materia prima principal y variables tales como los precios percibidos por los productores, las reformas de la PAC o los cambios observados en otras variables relevantes como la superficie cosechada o el rendimiento. Los resultados reflejan que las variables territoriales y el precio percibido son las variables que mejor explican el Valor de la Producción Agrícola española. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; Soldado Llorens, MJ. (2012). Contribución de las variables que estimulan la producción agraria en España (1990-2009). Estudios de Economia Aplicada. 30(1):367-386. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/35851 ; S ; 367 ; 386 ; 30 ; 1

La política regional europea ha estado sujeta en los últimos años a cambios sustanciales, que han implicado modificaciones en el nivel de financiación y en los mecanismos de apoyo a los Estados miembros. Este contexto hace que sea cada vez más necesario desarrollar un sistema de información sobre la ayuda estructural en las diversas regiones españolas, que permita un seguimiento y evaluación del nivel global y la distribución de esa ayuda. El trabajo adopta como base metodológica la estimación de indicadores sobre la distribución regional de la ayuda estructural. Además, una vez acordados los criterios de cofinanciación para las regiones que han superado su condición de Objetivo 1, calcula la pérdida anual en España, para el actual periodo de programación 2007-2013, causada por efecto de la ampliación.________________________European regional policy has undergone important changes the last few years, which have implied some modifications both at financial level and on State Members mechanisms of support. In this context, an information system about the structural support on the different Spanish regions is an instrument that will allow the monitoring and evaluation of the total amount of support and its distribution. Methodologically, the work made is based on the estimate of the regional distribution of structural support indicators. Moreover, once agreed the co-financing criteria for regions that have lost their Objective 1 condition, it is obtained the annual lost in Spain caused by the EU enlargement for the current financial framework 2007-2013.

74 91 9 6 ; S ; [EN] The cycle of the Common Agricultural Policy reforms begun in 1992 and that finished, for the time being, in 2013, profoundly transformed the agricultural framework of the EU. Taken as a whole, the process consisted of the progressive, partial and asymmetric liberalization of European agriculture, since much more emphasis was placed on dismantling intervention mechanisms than on aiding the restructuring, modernization and adaptation to a more competitive environment. In this context, and with an increasingly more open commercial policy, the States and the regions are obliged to design strategies to increase their competitiveness and innovation within the framework of the current Common Agricultural Policy (2014-2020). This is even more important for the regions most affected by the reforms. Under this argument, this paper reveals the principal qualitative and quantitative unknowns of the regional agricultural policy in Spain after the application of the Health Check in 2008, with special emphasis on the evolution of the Axis 1 of Rural Development. Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; Estruch-Sanchís, FDB. (2017). The Common Agricultural Policy and the Increased Competitiveness of Spanish Regional Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science. 9(6):74-91. doi:10.5539/jas.v9n6p74

[EN] The cycle of the Common Agricultural Policy reforms begun in 1992 and that finished, for the time being, in 2013, profoundly transformed the agricultural framework of the EU. Taken as a whole, the process consisted of the progressive, partial and asymmetric liberalization of European agriculture, since much more emphasis was placed on dismantling intervention mechanisms than on aiding the restructuring, modernization and adaptation to a more competitive environment. In this context, and with an increasingly more open commercial policy, the States and the regions are obliged to design strategies to increase their competitiveness and innovation within the framework of the current Common Agricultural Policy (2014-2020). This is even more important for the regions most affected by the reforms. Under this argument, this paper reveals the principal qualitative and quantitative unknowns of the regional agricultural policy in Spain after the application of the Health Check in 2008, with special emphasis on the evolution of the Axis 1 of Rural Development. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; Estruch-Sanchís, FDB. (2017). The Common Agricultural Policy and the Increased Competitiveness of Spanish Regional Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science. 9(6):74-91. doi:10.5539/jas.v9n6p74 ; S ; 74 ; 91 ; 9 ; 6

La Revista adhiere a la definición de "acceso abierto" de la Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI): http://www.soros.org/openaccess/ ; Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported ; [EN] The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defines, structure and allocates subsidies to agricultural production in the European Union. The CAP is subject to the guidelines of the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially after the Agriculture Agreement (1994). This work aims to determine the regional distribution of domestic support received from the CAP in Spain and their classification according to the methodology of the WTO. Domestic support is associated with WTO compartments: green box, blue and amber. It analyzes and compares the evolution of the boxes, to infer the current situation of Spain and its adaptation to WTO rules. The results suggest that Spain is gradually adapting to the WTO agricultural criteria, but at a slow pace: growing the green box and reduces the blue and amber, but in some regions the green box still represents only a small percentage of the total. ; [ES] Resumen La Política Agraria Común (PAC) define, estructura y asigna las subvenciones a la producción agrícola en la Unión Europea. La PAC está condicionada por las directrices de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC), especialmente tras el Acuerdo sobre Agricultura (1994). Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la distribución regional de la ayuda interna que recibe España proveniente de la PAC y su clasificación siguiendo la metodología de la OMC. Se asocia dicha ayuda a los compartimentos de la OMC: cajas verde, azul y ámbar. Se analiza y compara la evolución de los compartimentos, para deducir la situación actual de España y su adecuación a las reglas de la OMC. Los resultados sugieren que España está adaptándose progresivamente a los criterios agrícolas de la OMC, pero a ritmo lento: crece la caja verde y se reduce la azul y ámbar, pero en algunas regiones la caja verde sigue ...

[EN] This work provides a diagnosis of the position, in terms of competitiveness, of the export flows of the Mexican food industry compared to the total flows of the world food industry, in the 2001-2016 period. The analysis was made based on the measurements of the revealed comparative advantage, by applying the Indices of Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage of Yu, Cai and Leung (heir to the well-known Balassa Index), and of Vollrath¿s Relative Commercial Advantage, using the flow of manufactured food (exports and imports) from Mexico and the rest of the world offered by the International Trade Map database. Its methodological design is oriented to the collection and analysis of relevant data, and it is repeatable in time and space. The results suggest that the Mexican food industry has a comparative advantage in 13 of the 44 tariff items analyzed. Thus, the research concluded that the country is specialized in decreasing order in the following food items: malt beer, ethyl alcohol, confectionery, bakery and pastry products, sugars, fruit juices, preserved vegetables and fruits, cereal-based products, yeasts, sauces and chocolate. In addition, the results also allow to identify the location of the least competitive sectors, which helps to plan rational business decisions and coordinate public actions, as well as to compare the successful experiences of each sector and to analyze its adaptability to other sectors and territories. In this sense, the main limitation found is that data on Mexican food imports and exports are only available for the country as a whole, which ruled out a state-by-state analysis. ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; Marín Orantes, T.; Flores Romero, M. (2021). COMPETITIVENESS ANALYSIS OF THE AGRI-FOOD INDUSTRY IN MEXICO. Agroalimentaria. 27(52):125-140. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/184033 ; S ; 125 ; 140 ; 27 ; 52

[EN] This paper evaluates the impact of the new model of agricultural policy that is outlined in the legislative proposals issued by the European Commission in October 2011, estimating its effects on agricultural aids in Spanish Autonomous Communities with respect to the situation in 2009. To this end, the OECD agricultural policy index system was used. To the extent that transversal criteria are applied which support aid transfer between territories, the results suggest that the change in the payment assignation model would involve a redistribution of aid towards the areas which currently least benefit from them. ; [ES] Este trabajo evalúa el impacto del nuevo modelo de política agraria que se perfila en las propuestas legislativas emitidas por la Comisión Europea en octubre de 2011, calculando sus efectos sobre el apoyo a la agricultura en las Comunidades Autónomas españolas con respecto a la situación en 2009. Para ello se utiliza el sistema de indicadores de política agraria propuesto por la OCDE. En la medida en que se apliquen criterios transversales que admitan transferencias de apoyo entre territorios, los resultados sugieren que el cambio de modelo de asignación de los pagos implicaría una redistribución de las ayudas hacia las zonas que actualmente menos se benefician de las mismas. ; The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain. Classified as JEL: C60, Q11, Q18 ; Andrés González-Moralejo, S.; García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Compes López, R. (2013). A scenario for the conversion of Common Agricultural Policy payments in Spain after the 2011 legislative proposals. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria. 40(2):291-306. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59738 ; S ; 291 ; 306 ; 40 ; 2