Suchergebnisse

<p>Este estudio cualitativo analiza el fenómeno de la violencia contra la niñez y la adolescencia a partir de la percepción de niñas, niños, adolescentes y el entorno de protección formal e informal. Se recogió información primaria a través de grupos focales con niñas, niños, adolescentes y padres de familia; y entrevistas a profesores, personal de salud y funcionarios de los servicios de primera línea del sistema formal de protección, en los nueve departamentos de Bolivia. Con el propósito de ofrecer una lectura integral y sistémica del fenómeno de la violencia infantil, en el presente artículo se entretejen los resultados obtenidos tomando en cuenta el ámbito familiar, el escolar, el normativo-institucional y el societal, desde la percepción de los diferentes participantes del estudio. Entre los principales hallazgos se tiene que la familia y la escuela juegan un rol ambivalente de protección y agresión que contribuye a la impunidad de la violencia infantil, que ambas instituciones funcionan de manera antagónica antes que complementaria en cuanto a la protección de la niñez y la adolescencia. Que hay un temor adulto a la inversión de jerarquías, que a pesar de reconocer legalmente a la niñez y adolescncia como sujetos de derecho aún prevalece la perspectiva de verlos como objetos de derecho, que la violencia es reconocida como un fenómeno multidimensional pero su abordaje es unidimensional y que se insiste en la importancia de denunciar a pesar del descreimiento por la efectividad de la denuncia. Se necesita más investigación sobre la complejidad de las relaciones interinstitucionales para responder al maltrato infantil con respuestas efectivas.</p>

Analisa as ações voltadas para a juventude, associadas a dimensões e problemas típicos do relacionamento entre o universo juvenil e a sociedade mais ampla: as questões do mundo do trabalho; os padrões de desigualdade e de discriminação vigente; as situações de fragilização social, pobreza, indigência e desamparo; as estruturas de geração e distribuição de oportunidades; as expectativas quanto ao desempenho de determinados papéis sociais, e as práticas de consumo; as diversas dimenções que caracterizam a dinâmica social brasileira, em seus avanços e conflitos

RESUMO O Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf) foi criado em 2008 visando aumentar a resolutividade e o escopo das ações da Atenção Básica (AB). Composto por uma equipe multiprofissional deve desenvolver atividades conjuntas com as equipes AB, seguindo a lógica do apoio matricial e das ações técnico-pedagógicas ou clínico-assistenciais, pretendendo a integralidade do cuidado. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o trabalho do Nasf no território brasileiro, considerando a integração entre as equipes Nasf e AB, a partir de dados provenientes da avaliação externa do Programa Nacional para Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ) segundo ciclo. Os resultados encontrados apontam adequação quanto à infraestrutura, às atividades de apoio matricial e às atividades integradas com as equipes AB. Contudo, o monitoramento e análise de indicadores, a formação inicial e a educação permanente carecem de maior desenvolvimento.

Previous studies reported benefits to growth performance, intestinal histology and reduced diarrhea for pigs supplemented with nucleotide additive as a replacement to antimicrobial growth promoters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide levels on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. One hundred and sixty 21-d weaned pigs (6.43 ± 0.71 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with five treatments, eight replications per treatment and four animals per pen (experimental unit). The treatments were basal diet with 120 ppm of chloro-hydroxyquinoline (antimicrobial), and basal diet with 0 (control), 100, 150, or 200 ppm of nucleotides. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and occurrence of diarrhea were calculated from day 1 to 14, day 14 to 34, and day 1 to 34 of the experiment. A day after the end of the experiment, one animal from each pen was slaughtered to evaluate the relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota. From day 1-14 and day 14-34 of the experiment, performance was not affected by the treatments. For the total experimental period (day 1-34), increasing the dietary concentrations of nucleotides linearly improved the final body weight and average daily gain. Salmonella spp. was detected only in the control treatment, without affecting the other microorganisms. Pigs fed with antibiotic had a lower occurrence of diarrhea from day 1-14 compared to pigs fed with nucleotide treatments. Although increasing the occurrence of diarrhea in the first 14 days, dietary nucleotides added up to 200 ppm, improve the final body weight and average daily gain at 34 days post weaning. Nucleotides and antimicrobial not shown beneficial effects on organ weights, and intestinal histology of nursery pig, however, are able to decrease the population of Salmonella spp. at small intestine.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of short-term ingestion of a zearalenone, fumonisin, and aflatoxin mixture, at low concentration, into the diet of weanling piglets and to assess the protective efficacy of an anti-mycotoxin feed additive. For 21 days, piglets were exposed to control or multi-mycotoxin treatment with or without the anti-mycotoxin additive. Growth performance was measured after 21d. Blood samples were taken to serum biochemical analysis and for quantify levels of circulating mononuclear immune cells. Effects on organs weights and histological changes, and expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-? in the liver and jejunum were evaluated. Overall, the multi-mycotoxin treatment had no effect on measured variables, and no adverse histopathological changes in organs were observed. The total serum protein concentration was higher in animals that received the multi-mycotoxin treatment; however, levels remained within normal limits for weanling piglets. In conclusion, the short-term multi-mycotoxin mixture, at the dose levels evaluated in this study, seems not affect the health of weanling piglets through the evaluated parameters. The absence of toxicity associated with the multi-mycotoxin treatment rendered it impossible to evaluate the efficacy of the anti-mycotoxin additive.