Suchergebnisse

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 has drastically changed both the internal situation in the Russian Federation (RF) and the country's relationship with the international community. The impact of these developments is multidimensional and has a significant human dimension, including the formation of new migration flows marked by high shares of young people, males, and members of various elite groups. The elite migrant flow generally includes four major categories of migrants: academic personnel, highly skilled workers (including representatives of professional, business, creative, and athletic elites), students, and so-called investment migrants.

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the socioeconomic systems that have formed in the Russian colonies in Alaska and in the USSR. The author shows how these systems evolved and names the main reason for their similarity: the nature of the predominant type of property. In both systems, supreme state property dominated and, in this way, they can be designated as politaristic. Politarism (from the Greek ????????—the power of the majority, that is, in a broad sense, the state, the political system) is formation founded on the state's supreme ownership of the basic means of production and the work force. Economic relations of politarism generated the corresponding social structure, administrative management, ideological culture, and even similar psychological features in Russian America and the USSR.

The sociological study of volunteerism typically uses a definition which includes all possible types of free, unpaid activities which benefit other people. Such an approach transforms the very phenomenon of volunteerism into an analytical tool for studying various fields of economic and social life: degrees of development of civil society, employment structure, features of a certain economic mode. Regardless, the use of such a definition when researching volunteer movements presents certain problems. Multiple critics point out that such an approach towards understanding volunteerism, on one hand, leads to various types of volunteer activity being excluded from the scope of research, namely those which do not fully comply with the aforementioned criteria of free choice and gratuitousness; on the other hand, it waters down the concept of volunteerism, by merging it with other forms of civil action, such as political activism. Furthermore, most studies exhibit a tendency towards highlighting volunteerism as a special type of action, which possesses persistent intrinsic characteristics regardless of the field in which it is being undertaken. Such an approach results in a complete lack of care for certain essential features of various types of those productive activities which volunteers can partake in. It's also worth noting that research doesn't tend to include practices of volunteerism when the main focus of analysis shifts towards studying the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, as well as issues concerning their motivation. Based on analyzing Russian and foreign sources, the article presents an overview of the issues associated with defining the boundaries of the field in question, while discussing the main difficulties when it comes to constructing a general theory of volunteerism, and analyzing the separation of various forms of civil activity which is typically present in foreign literature: volunteerism, grassroots political involvement, civil activism. The article brings forth arguments for limiting the subject of research and for analytical separation between various forms of civil activity.

В статье представлены полевые наблюдения автора 2013–2018 гг. в трех тундрах — на Чукотке, Ямале и Кольском полуострове среди чукчей, ненцев, саамов и коми-ижемцев. Отмечается, что кочевые технологии оленеводов в их сложности и многомерности, от пространственно-временного дизайна кочевий до полифункциональности вещей, обеспечивают мобильность в экстремальных условиях Арктики. Кочевая традиция содержит в себе целый набор концептов (или принципов), включая слитное пространство-время, которые, с одной стороны, предельно практичны, с другой — заслуживают теоретической проекции. В отличие от оседлой картины мира, где пространство и время разделены, в ментальности кочевника они нерасчленимы. Как время движется (кочует) по пространству — у каждого месяца есть свои пространственные отметки — так и пространство не существует вне времени. Если в оседлой ментальности пространство и время воспринимаются как объективные измерения человеческой жизни, то кочевое пространство-время субъективно и не движется без человека. Ценностные установки кочевников обозначают преимущества динамики над статикой, активности над пассивностью, маневра над ожиданием. Арктическая номадология вносит вклад в общую теорию движения/мобильности, которая может создать в гуманитарных науках эффект, сопоставимый с воздействием теории относительности на классическую физику.