Suchergebnisse

The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest. ; The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest.

The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest. ; The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest.

The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest. ; The aim of the research is to highlight the problem of the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and to reveal the position of the Czech szlachta. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, author's objectivity, based on historical sources and the chronological and problem principle, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (integrated method of analysis of sources, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, terminological analysis) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science an analysis of the role and position of the Czech szlachta concerning the problem of the Turkish threat, through the prism of rule in the Czech kingdom of the Jagiellonian dynasty, has been carried out. The Conclusions. At the end of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIth century the international situation in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe was tense. The hostility continued between the leading monarchs of Europe. There was a direct Turkish threat to the Czech kingdom. The Papal state, the Polish kingdom and Moscow principality tried to resist the Turkish aggression. The created anti-Turkish alliance (France, Poland and the Pope of Rome) was little effective. Thus, the Hungarian kingdom, headed by King Louis II of Jagiellon, was forced to resist the Turkish Empire on its own actually. Under such circumstances, Louis II, being a Czech king, sought for support among the Czech classes. Taking into consideration the controversy between the Czech and Hungarian upper classes, it can be argued that the Czech szlachta chose a neutral, expectant position, and the Czech city estate at this stage was ignored and did not provide adequate military support to the king. During that period the cities in the Czech kingdom resisted the Czech szlachta and fought for their rights and privileges. Among the Hungarian estates there were disputes between magnates and szlachta, which greatly complicated the situation. The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates and the representatives of burghers. The culmination of the opposition was the Battle of Mohács (August 29, 1526). The Czech estates (upper classes) didn't try to give the military assistance to the King and concerned only about their own interests, which the Czech szlachta together with the Czech city upper class put above the state interest.

Статтю присвячено аналізові політичних суперечок і боротьби міського стану за свої права, привілеї, свободи в період правління династії Ягеллонів. На поч. XVI ст. у боротьбі проти чеської шляхти об'єдналося 32 королівських міста. Основною причиною протистоянь були не лише економічні питання, але й політичні. Значно ускладнювали ситуацію релігійні суперечки. Розкрито п'ять форм протистоянь між вищим і міським станами: 1) боротьба міст проти оповєдників «земських порушників»); 2) регіональні військові сутички; 3) захоплення містянам градів і торгів; 4) станова боротьба в Чеському королівстві (з небезпекою відкритих протистоянь); 5) випадкові сутички між містянами і шляхтою, що носили побутовий характер і могли переростати у серйозніші міжстанові протистояння. Простежено чотири етапи протистоянь між королівськими містами і вищим станом: 1) до суперечок щодо «Земського статуту»; 2) період боїв з оповєдниками; 3) час до очолення міського стану князем Бартоломеєм Мінстерберським; 4) до 1520 р., коли йшла боротьба щодо запровадження умов Святовацлавької угоди 1517 р. Міжстанові суперечки могли призвести до децентралізації, громадянської війни та роздробленості Чеського королівства. Досліджено зміст і політичне значення Святовацлавської угоди, що юридично завершила конфлікт між містами та чеською шляхтою. Згідно з нею розширювалося право на здійснення правосуддя власне містами, тоді як юрисдикція земського і придворного судів на містян не розповсюджувалася. Міський стан підтвердив право третього голосу. Серед істориків існують розбіжності щодо значення Святовацлавської угоди. Одні вважають її перемогою міст, інші – вищих станів. Відзначимо, що документ використовувався в чеському судочинстві при вирішенні суперечок між шляхтою і містами аж до другої пол. XVIII ст. Таким чином, Святовацлавська угода доповнила «Земський статут» та заклала основні правила соціально-політичних відносин у Чеському королівстві на етапі формування станово-представницької моделі держаного управління. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of political disputes and the struggle of burgher estate for their rights, privileges and freedoms during the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty. At the beginning 16th century in the struggle against the Czech szlachta 32 royal cities united. The main reason for the confrontation was not only economic issues, but also political ones. The situation was significantly complicated by the religious disputes. Five forms of confrontation between the higher and the burgher estates are revealed: 1) the struggle of cities against the opovědníks of "zemsky oppressors"); 2) regional military conflicts; 3) the seizure of cities of hrads (castles) and trade; 4) estates struggle in the Czech kingdom (with the danger of open confrontation); 5) occasional clashes between the cities and szlachta, which were common and could overgrown in a more serious interstate confrontations. There were four stages of confrontation between royal cities and higher estate: 1) to disputes concerning the "Zemsky regulations"; 2) the period of fights with the contributors; 3) the time to the head the burgher estate the Prince Bartolomme Minsterbersky; 4) until 1520, when there was a struggle to introduce the conditions of the Saintwenceslas agreement of 1517. Disputes between states could lead to decentralization, civil war and fragmentation of the Czech kingdom. The content and political significance of the Saintwenceslas agreement, which legally concluded the conflict between the cities and the Czech szlachta, was researched. According to it, the right to administer justice actually expanded to cities, while the jurisdiction of the zemské and imperial courts in the cities was not distributed. The burgher estate confirmed the right of the third vote. There are divergences among historians regarding the significance of the Saintwenceslas agreement. Some consider it the victory of cities, others - higher estates. The document was used in Czech kingdom legal proceedings in resolving disputes between szlachta and cities up to the second floor 18th century. Consequently, the Saintwenceslas agreement supplemented the «Zemsky regulations» and laid down the basic rules of socio-political relations in the Czech Kingdom at the stage of formation of a state-representative model of state administration.

Статтю присвячено аналізові політичних суперечок і боротьби міського стану за свої права, привілеї, свободи в період правління династії Ягеллонів. На поч. XVI ст. у боротьбі проти чеської шляхти об'єдналося 32 королівських міста. Основною причиною протистоянь були не лише економічні питання, але й політичні. Значно ускладнювали ситуацію релігійні суперечки. Розкрито п'ять форм протистоянь між вищим і міським станами: 1) боротьба міст проти оповєдників «земських порушників»); 2) регіональні військові сутички; 3) захоплення містянам градів і торгів; 4) станова боротьба в Чеському королівстві (з небезпекою відкритих протистоянь); 5) випадкові сутички між містянами і шляхтою, що носили побутовий характер і могли переростати у серйозніші міжстанові протистояння. Простежено чотири етапи протистоянь між королівськими містами і вищим станом: 1) до суперечок щодо «Земського статуту»; 2) період боїв з оповєдниками; 3) час до очолення міського стану князем Бартоломеєм Мінстерберським; 4) до 1520 р., коли йшла боротьба щодо запровадження умов Святовацлавької угоди 1517 р. Міжстанові суперечки могли призвести до децентралізації, громадянської війни та роздробленості Чеського королівства. Досліджено зміст і політичне значення Святовацлавської угоди, що юридично завершила конфлікт між містами та чеською шляхтою. Згідно з нею розширювалося право на здійснення правосуддя власне містами, тоді як юрисдикція земського і придворного судів на містян не розповсюджувалася. Міський стан підтвердив право третього голосу. Серед істориків існують розбіжності щодо значення Святовацлавської угоди. Одні вважають її перемогою міст, інші – вищих станів. Відзначимо, що документ використовувався в чеському судочинстві при вирішенні суперечок між шляхтою і містами аж до другої пол. XVIII ст. Таким чином, Святовацлавська угода доповнила «Земський статут» та заклала основні правила соціально-політичних відносин у Чеському королівстві на етапі формування станово-представницької моделі держаного управління. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of political disputes and the struggle of burgher estate for their rights, privileges and freedoms during the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty. At the beginning 16th century in the struggle against the Czech szlachta 32 royal cities united. The main reason for the confrontation was not only economic issues, but also political ones. The situation was significantly complicated by the religious disputes. Five forms of confrontation between the higher and the burgher estates are revealed: 1) the struggle of cities against the opovědníks of "zemsky oppressors"); 2) regional military conflicts; 3) the seizure of cities of hrads (castles) and trade; 4) estates struggle in the Czech kingdom (with the danger of open confrontation); 5) occasional clashes between the cities and szlachta, which were common and could overgrown in a more serious interstate confrontations. There were four stages of confrontation between royal cities and higher estate: 1) to disputes concerning the "Zemsky regulations"; 2) the period of fights with the contributors; 3) the time to the head the burgher estate the Prince Bartolomme Minsterbersky; 4) until 1520, when there was a struggle to introduce the conditions of the Saintwenceslas agreement of 1517. Disputes between states could lead to decentralization, civil war and fragmentation of the Czech kingdom. The content and political significance of the Saintwenceslas agreement, which legally concluded the conflict between the cities and the Czech szlachta, was researched. According to it, the right to administer justice actually expanded to cities, while the jurisdiction of the zemské and imperial courts in the cities was not distributed. The burgher estate confirmed the right of the third vote. There are divergences among historians regarding the significance of the Saintwenceslas agreement. Some consider it the victory of cities, others - higher estates. The document was used in Czech kingdom legal proceedings in resolving disputes between szlachta and cities up to the second floor 18th century. Consequently, the Saintwenceslas agreement supplemented the «Zemsky regulations» and laid down the basic rules of socio-political relations in the Czech Kingdom at the stage of formation of a state-representative model of state administration.

У статті висвітлюється вплив Оломоуцького мирного договору (1479 р.) на політичний розвиток чеських земель. Підписання Оломоуцького договору між королями Матяшем Корвіном та Владиславом ІІЯгеллоном завершило «Богемську війну» 1466-1478 рр., закріпивши розподіл земель Чеської корони між двома правителями. Чимала роль у підписанні договору належала чеській шляхті, яка відстоювала насамперед власні інтереси. Оломоуцький договір посилив позиції чеської знаті й став передумовою до встановлення на земляхЧеської корони станово-представницької моделі державного управління. ; The article reveals the influence of the Olomouc peaceful agreement (1479) on the political development of the Czech Kingdom. The «Bohemian War» (1466-1478) was ended with singing the Olomouc peaceful agreement between the king Matthias Corvinus and Vladislaus II Jagiellon. This agreement tightened the distribution of lands of the Bohemian Crown between two kings. The Czech representatives of noble class who was protecting their own interests also played an important role in signing the agreement. The Olomouc peaceful agreement had tightened the positions ofthe Czech nobility and became the precondition for the formation of the estate representative model of state government of the Czech lands.

У статті висвітлюється вплив Оломоуцького мирного договору (1479 р.) на політичний розвиток чеських земель. Підписання Оломоуцького договору між королями Матяшем Корвіном та Владиславом ІІЯгеллоном завершило «Богемську війну» 1466-1478 рр., закріпивши розподіл земель Чеської корони між двома правителями. Чимала роль у підписанні договору належала чеській шляхті, яка відстоювала насамперед власні інтереси. Оломоуцький договір посилив позиції чеської знаті й став передумовою до встановлення на земляхЧеської корони станово-представницької моделі державного управління. ; The article reveals the influence of the Olomouc peaceful agreement (1479) on the political development of the Czech Kingdom. The «Bohemian War» (1466-1478) was ended with singing the Olomouc peaceful agreement between the king Matthias Corvinus and Vladislaus II Jagiellon. This agreement tightened the distribution of lands of the Bohemian Crown between two kings. The Czech representatives of noble class who was protecting their own interests also played an important role in signing the agreement. The Olomouc peaceful agreement had tightened the positions ofthe Czech nobility and became the precondition for the formation of the estate representative model of state government of the Czech lands.