Suchergebnisse

"This book uncovers the history of The Volunteers, a Spanish loyalist militia who were committed to upholding Spanish imperial interests and influence in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santa Domingo and The Philippines as the age of empire came to a close. Unpicking the relationship between local and imperial administrations and highlighting the contribution of voluntary units to colonial warfare, Padilla Angulo shows how Spanish loyalism persevered in the colonies even as the last bastions of empire were dismantled. Revealing the complexity and diversity of The Volunteers themselves in various colonies, Volunteers of the Empire shows how thousands of young men of Spanish, African and Asian descent were united in the defence of Spanish sovereignty in times of anti-colonial struggle that were civil wars in all but name. It uncovers a fascinating history of a militia that became an essential element of Spanish imperialism and the armed wing of Spanish loyalism during the second half of the 19th century. Through their fluctuating relationship with the authorities in Spain, The Volunteers provide a fresh perspective into the global and local complexities of nation building, nationalism and citizenship."--

This book is about education and American imperialism from the War of 1898 to the War on Terror. Very little coordinated or sustained research has been devoted to the broader contours of America, education, and empire. And third, this volume seeks to inspire new directions in the study of American educational history

Empire and Education covers education and American imperialism from the War of 1898 to the War on Terror. It offers the first single-volume narrative history devoted to the role of education in American interventions abroad and pulls together isolated case studies and archival research into a coherent, accessible, narrative sweep. This path-breaking volume inspires new directions in the study of American educational history.

La continuidad de la modalidad irregular desde la Guerra Sucia se amplió y generalizó durante la reestructuración del patrón de acumulación. Para entender cómo se desarrolla y funciona la implementación de la guerra irregular como política de Estado, paralelamente a la nueva forma de acumulación y reproducción del capital, se delinearán los presupuestos teóricos que implica este tipo y manera de conducción de guerra, para posteriormente mostrar cómo opera en la reconfiguración capitalista en su fase neoliberal, mediante la actuación directa del Estado mexicano. Para examinar el papel de la guerra en el conjunto del proceso histórico, en cuanto a la importancia del patrón de acumulación para reproducir las relaciones sociales según la lógica del valor-valorizante. Se busca analizar por qué y cómo una manera específica de guerra es necesaria tanto para la instauración, como para el mantenimiento del sistema económico, político y cultural que actualmente rige como hegemónico.

La propuesta de gobierno de Leonardo Ruíz Pineda para la sociedad venezolana está condicionada por el momento histórico que le tocó vivir, bajo un marco nacionalista y antimperialista. Su concepción de la democracia es inseparable de los planteamientos doctrinarios del Partido Democrático Nacional y de Acción Democrática en la década de los 40 del siglo XX. Pero propone elementos diferenciadores resultantes de su vida en el estado Táchira y de su acción política, en el proceso de construcción de los partidos en los cuales militó. La democracia para este líder significó: 1) libertad relacionada al derecho del voto universal y directo, 2) justicia social avalada por una Constitución, 3) control del Estado sobre los recursos explotados vinculado a soberanía, 4) garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades, el acceso a la pequeña propiedad, el trabajo, la educación, la salud, asegurando la participación popular, 5) aceptación de las minorías y de la diversidad política y su no exclusión y 6) división de los poderes públicos. Planteamientos todos que tienen por fin último, el bienestar material del hombre.

Essential oils, as natural fragances, are frequently used in green marketed housecleaning products and air fresheners. Nonetheless, they contain volatile and reactive chemical species. This thesis investigates the emissions of essential-oil-based household products under real consumer use patterns to assess their impacts on indoor air quality. The experimental approach allows an integrated assessment of the estimation of the terpene emissions from 10 selected essential-oil-based household products in experimental chambers at different scales ; from micro-chamber to the 40m3 experimental room. Regarding essential-oil-based cleaning products, contrasted concentration levels are evidenced for terpenes species related to the application process and use purpose of these products. Morover, long-term increase of formaldehyde concentrations are noticed after the application of these products that might be related to secondary sources. Concerning the indoor diffusion of tea tree oil, contrasted concentration levels and kinetics are evidenced depending on the mechanism of diffusion used. Concentrations can exceed by more than one order of magnitude the recommanded Critical Exposure Level (CEL). It is noticed that the relative contribtions of individual terpenes is the gas phase vary all along the diffusion process, for any investigated diffusion device. Finally, essential-oil-based household products have to be seriously envisaged as versatile anfdsignificant sources of VOCs since they might induce indoor concentrations of terpenes exceeding exposure limits established by the European Union and the United States. ; Les huiles essentielles, en tant que parfums naturels, sont fréquemment utilisées dans les produits ménagers et les désodorisants commercialisés comme verts. Cependant, elles contiennent des espèces chimiques volatiles et réactives. Ce travail de synthèse vise à renseigner les émissions de produits ménagers à base d'huiles essentielles à travers des protocoles de mise en œuvre et d'usages réels afin d'évaluer ...

In an increasingly globalized world, border control is continuously changing. Nation-states grapple with &lsquo ; migration management&rsquo ; and maintain secure borders against &lsquo ; illegal&rsquo ; flows. In Mexico, borders are elusive ; internal and external security is blurred, and policies create legal categories of people whether it is a &lsquo ; trusted&rsquo ; tourist or an &lsquo ; unauthorized&rsquo ; migrant. For the &lsquo ; unauthorized&rsquo ; Central American woman migrant trying to achieve safe passage to the United States (U.S.), the &lsquo ; border&rsquo ; is no longer only a physical line to be crossed but a category placed on an individual body, which exists throughout her migration journey producing vulnerability as soon as the Mexico&ndash ; Guatemala boundary is crossed. Based on policy analysis and fieldwork, this article argues that rather than protecting &lsquo ; unauthorized&rsquo ; migrants, which the Mexican government narrative claims to do, border policies imposed by the state legally categorize female bodies in clandestine terms and construct violent relationships. This embodied illegality creates forced invisibility, further marginalizing women with respect to finding work, and experiences of sexual violence and abuses by migration actors. The analysis focuses on three areas: the changing definition of &lsquo ; borders&rsquo ; the effects of categorization and multiple vulnerabilities on Central American women ; and the dangers caused by forced invisibility.

Essential oils, as natural fragances, are frequently used in green marketed housecleaning products and air fresheners. Nonetheless, they contain volatile and reactive chemical species. This thesis investigates the emissions of essential-oil-based household products under real consumer use patterns to assess their impacts on indoor air quality. The experimental approach allows an integrated assessment of the estimation of the terpene emissions from 10 selected essential-oil-based household products in experimental chambers at different scales ; from micro-chamber to the 40m3 experimental room. Regarding essential-oil-based cleaning products, contrasted concentration levels are evidenced for terpenes species related to the application process and use purpose of these products. Morover, long-term increase of formaldehyde concentrations are noticed after the application of these products that might be related to secondary sources. Concerning the indoor diffusion of tea tree oil, contrasted concentration levels and kinetics are evidenced depending on the mechanism of diffusion used. Concentrations can exceed by more than one order of magnitude the recommanded Critical Exposure Level (CEL). It is noticed that the relative contribtions of individual terpenes is the gas phase vary all along the diffusion process, for any investigated diffusion device. Finally, essential-oil-based household products have to be seriously envisaged as versatile anfdsignificant sources of VOCs since they might induce indoor concentrations of terpenes exceeding exposure limits established by the European Union and the United States. ; Les huiles essentielles, en tant que parfums naturels, sont fréquemment utilisées dans les produits ménagers et les désodorisants commercialisés comme verts. Cependant, elles contiennent des espèces chimiques volatiles et réactives. Ce travail de synthèse vise à renseigner les émissions de produits ménagers à base d'huiles essentielles à travers des protocoles de mise en œuvre et d'usages réels afin d'évaluer leurs impacts sur la qualité de l'air intérieur. L'approche expérimentale a permis l'étude des émissions en terpènes de 10 produits à base des huiles essentielles au sein des chambres expérimentales de différents volumes : depuis les micro-chambres d'émission jusqu'à une pièce expérimentale de 40 m3.Concernant les produits de nettoyage à base d'huiles essentielles, des niveaux de concentration contrastés sont mis en évidence pour les terpènes émis en fonction du protocole d'application et de l'usage du produit. Par ailleurs, une augmentation des niveaux de formaldéhyde peut être observée après l'application de certains produits, suggérant des sources secondaires pour ce COV. Concernant la diffusion d'huile essentielle d'arbre à thé, des niveaux de concentrations et de cinétiques d'émissions contrastés ont été mis en évidence en fonction du mécanisme de diffusion utilisé. Les concentrations en terpènes peuvent dépasser de plus d'un ordre de grandeur les niveaux critiques d'exposition recommandés. Il est montré que les contributions individuelles des terpènes émis varient tout au long du processus de diffusion quel que soit le mode de diffusion. Les produits ménagers à base d'huiles essentielles doivent donc être envisagés comme des sources significatives et variables de COV puisqu'ils peuvent induire des concentrations en terpènes en air intérieur dépassant les limites d'exposition établies par les Etats-Unis et l'Union Européenne.

This paper focuses on the analysis of conceptual, normative and institutional issues of the Colombian Multidimensional Poverty Index (C-MPI). The principal questions are the following: What is the decision-making process that lies behind the Colombian experience? What are the main lessons from the Colombian case in terms of institutional arrangements for the implementation of its index? Although the medium and longer-term effects of the C-MPI on poverty reduction are still to be seen and thus to be evaluated, there are some important lessons. First, a multidimensional poverty index's utility in terms of public policy depends not only on the mathematical and statistical robustness guaranteed by the Alkire Foster methodology but also on the ability of the policy maker to represent the public policy priorities through its normative choices. Second, acknowledging the inherent trade-offs involved in conceptual, statistical and public policy concerns is key to accurately defining the purpose of the measure. Finally, if the purpose of the MPI is to stimulate coordinated action to reduce poverty, an accurate design will not be enough; it is also necessary to provide a solid institutional architecture that supports the process from the design of the index to its application.

Set out below a list of 260 common names and 60 technical names used in Costa Rica, to name a total of 154 resident species of freshwater fishes (151 native and 3 exotic). Information about the origin, meaning and use of such names at regional level, as well as updated information concerning the nomenclatural status and geographic distribution of species is provided. This information will allow better communication between technicians, scientists, political decision takers and common people with conservation purposes. ; Se presenta a continuación un listado que recopila 260 nombres comunes y 60 nombres técnicos utilizados en Costa Rica para denominar un total de 154 especies de peces de agua dulce residentes en el país (151 nativas y 3 exóticas). Se incluye información relativa al origen, significado y uso de tales nombres a escala regional, así como información actualizada referente al estatus nomenclatural y distribución geográfica de las especies tratadas. Esta información permitirá una comunicación más fluida entre técnicos, científicos, personas que toman decisiones y personas comunes que tienen fines de conservación.