Suchergebnisse

This study is undertaken as part of the Youthworks PH initiative by the Philippine Business for Education. It aims to address five research questions, namely: (a) what are the existing training programs for the priority sectors of YouthWorks PH (construction, manufacturing, and tourism); (b) how responsive are the current training programs to the needs of industries; (c) is there industry demand for new National Certificates (NCs) in specific sectors, and for what level and occupation; (d) how did the Covid-19 pandemic change the landscape of training programs in the country; and (e) what are the emerging industry sectors brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. We use secondary data and interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly with training providers in YouthWorks PH priority sectors. TVET providers are overwhelmingly private, but public providers account for a larger share of graduates. Most TVET graduates are products of either community-based or institution-based TVET programs. TVET programs and graduates are concentrated in a few occupational sectors, the dominant sector being Tourism (Hotel and Restaurant). Likewise, demand for assessment leading to a National Certificate is concentrated in relatively few qualifications. The government offers several scholarships promoting TVET access. The issues on the responsiveness of current programs according to the respondents revolves around: (a) the lack of demand particularly for construction; (b) weaknesses in the design of financing programs; (c) perception about quality of training schools, trainers and assessors; and (d) training content. Industry respondents noted demand for skills standardization in prefabricated construction, supervisory-level construction jobs, and nursing assistance. Restrictions due to Covid-19 resulted in the suspension or scaling down of training programs. Some providers have provided online modules but lack of access to appropriate digital devices or the internet among students hinder remote learning. Covid-19 caused the emergence of online food selling and made digital skills valuable. The study recommends pursuing an information campaign to promote construction jobs; reviewing and rationalizing TVET financing programs; reviewing the TVET content; tapping industry practitioners as trainers and assessors; investing in flexible learning modalities; and promoting regular dialogue between the government, employers, and TVET providers.

A graduate tracer survey (GTS) collects data on the graduate's college experience—skills learned and quality of instruction—and how it relates to employability. A GTS can illuminate the relationship between college experience and labor market outcomes, which can aid in formulating actions for the higher education sector. It can also be used to investigate the influence of college experience on sociopolitical participation and life satisfaction. This study reports on the 4th Philippine Graduate Tracer Survey results, covering graduates from academic years 2008–2009, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011. A total of 11,547 graduates were surveyed, representing 32.7 percent of the total sample. This GTS round piloted several study design improvements and administrative arrangements aimed at capacitating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). Despite several challenges related to the response rate, it is a successful demonstration of the desired GTS implementation setup for the next GTS rounds. The results show that graduates are motivated by earnings and career advancement in their choice of baccalaureate programs, and their choices are concentrated in a few courses. Except for nursing and information technology-related courses, their courses are not the high-paying ones. For graduates of courses without a professional license requirement, the median length of time it takes to get a job after graduation is five months, while it takes at least 11 months for those who took courses that require a license. At the time of the survey, only 86 in 100 graduates are in the labor force, of which 76 are employed. There are several telltale signs of job-education mismatch: (a) graduates feel that they did not sufficiently develop communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills; (b) only 70 percent of graduates think that their college degree is relevant to their first job; (c) less than half of them consider occupational skills learned in college as the main reason for landing their first or current jobs; and (d) around a fourth think that outdated skills are keeping them from getting a good job. Overall, only 49 percent of graduates who took courses that require a professional license are employed in jobs that match their degree. The predominant "not matched" occupations are contact center representatives, various clerks in retail and sales, and other service workers and laborers. Only a third of graduates believe that social and political aspects of life are "very important". Their contribution to the public good is confined to voting, obeying laws, and paying taxes. They barely participate in political and social actions, and participation in associations is also low. Meanwhile, despite being concerned about their earnings and rating themselves low in financial condition, overall life satisfaction is high. In relating college experience to post college life, this study finds that positive college experience (in its multiple dimensions) is generally associated with better employability, a stronger sense of citizenship, less predisposition to political action, and better life satisfaction.

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya) remains as the main social protection strategy of the government with its objective of breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty by helping poor households invest in the health, and education of their children. Previous impact evaluation studies of the program show that the program has been successful in keeping children healthy and in school. The third impact evaluation (IE Wave 3) aims to reassess the program impact on short term and intermediate outcomes on health, education, household welfare and other socio-behavioral domains. The 3rd wave evaluation employs regression discontinuity design (RDD) to analyze program impact by comparing treatment (Pantawid beneficiaries) and comparison households (non-Pantawid beneficiaries) within specific bandwidths of distance from the poverty thresholds that determine program eligibility. In general, the results of the evaluation indicate that the program still shows desirable impacts on most of the target education and health outcomes of children and pregnant women. The results also show positive impacts on household welfare such as income and food security; large positive impacts on community participation, and awareness of basic means to mitigate vulnerabilities such as disaster preparedness among adults; and strong impact on "grit" or determination of children. Nevertheless, some of the results are inconsistent with previous evaluations such as the negative impact on some nutrition outcomes, inconsistencies in the utilization of maternal health care services, and lack of significant reduction in child labor incidence. Recommendations put forward include strengthening and improving of program monitoring and enforcement of health conditions, further study on the factors driving some of the unexpected results, corresponding adjustment in the policies or incentives that the program provides—particularly in terms of reevaluating the value of the cash grant and taking advantage of the positive program impacts on the behavior of children and adults as a model and/or platform for other interventions.

Climate change causes a vast magnitude of impacts that cut across boundaries and spill over time. It results to various, interrelated effects on important aspects in the society. Direct and indirect effects of climate change touch on, for instance, health (e.g., Watts et al. 2015) and on labor (e.g., Kjellstrom et al. 2009; International Labor Organization, 2018). Unfortunately, developing countries, which are least contributors to climate change, are more exposed to environmental risks. According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2017, the Philippines, is in the top ten countries greatly affected by extreme weather events over the last two decades. In response to these challenges and risks, the country has been actively participating in international efforts to address this global concern. Locally, various policies have been enacted in order to create a progressive landscape for environmental protection, and disaster risk mitigation and response. Adding to these mitigation responses is the Green Jobs Act of 2016, which aims to encourage the creation and nurturing of green jobs along with the country's transition towards a more environmentally sustainable economy. This study supports the implementation of this policy by providing new employment demand projections in the green and conventional sectors of the economy. Specifically, the Green Philippine Employment Projections Model (Green PEPM) generates forecasts on employment demand in green industries, using various scenarios based on national development and environmental targets. The model provides a sectoral-level analysis on the potential economic and employment gains and losses coming from the growth of the green and conventional sectors. The results of the model is expected to feed into the development of the country's Human Resource Development (HRD) Plan, which is an important feature of the 2016 Green Jobs Act. Projection results show that greening the economy creates benefits. More jobs can be created, and other existing jobs can be transformed as ...

This study evaluates the impact of Microenterprise Development (MD) assistance on the labor supply, income, expenditure, savings, and capital investment of beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilya, the Philippine government's conditional cash transfers (CCT) program. The assistance is provided by the Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. MD assistance consists of capacity building, group formation, and grants. We focus on MD assistance where the grant component consisted of the Seed Capital Fund (SCF) – a grant worth a maximum of PhP10,000 per beneficiary household used as startup capital or as additional capital for microenterprise. The microenterprise may be run individually or as a group. The evaluation is implemented through a matching design: SCF-recipient CCT households from January 2018 to June 2018 were matched with non-recipient CCT households. We use data from a survey of 2,592 CCT households in 39 cities/municipalities. In our sample, 91 percent of SCF-recipient households were part of a group-managed business project. We find positive impacts on labor supply, but imprecisely estimated null impacts on household income, expenditure, savings, and capital expenditure. The lack of pre-intervention variables for matching, possible biases from self-selection and non-random selection of target areas, possible spillover effects, and insufficient power are some of the weaknesses of the study. Despite these limitations, qualitative data on business project implementation point to serious issues which support the null impacts found on household welfare. These include a substantial business closure rate, lack of participation among group members in business operation, lack of earning opportunities for group members, management issues, and low profitability. Moreover, cost-benefit analysis suggests that program costs outweigh program benefits. To improve SLP's effectiveness, the study recommends packaging the livelihood assistance with supporting interventions such as life skills coaching and savings promotion; recognizing the relative merits of group-based versus individual livelihood projects; improving project development and selection towards greater commercial viability; and strengthening existing supporting interventions such as capacity-building, business monitoring, and technical support

The enactment of Republic Act 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 added two years to basic education. One of the rationales offered by proponents of the law is that Senior High School (SHS) graduates will be equipped with skills and capacity to work or engage in entrepreneurial activities if they choose to do so. This study assesses the likelihood of achieving the employment and entrepreneurship objectives of the program by examining the experience of Grade 12 graduating students and the views of firms about the labor market prospects of the SHS graduates. It does this by (i) looking into the SHS curriculum and the competencies developed among the graduates, (ii) identifying the types of jobs that fit the Grade 12 graduates, (iii) gathering the private sector perspective on the jobs available and appropriate for the Grade 12 graduates, and (iv) providing policy recommendations for improving the implementation of the SHS program. The study revealed that despite identifying employment and entrepreneurship as a rationale for the program, three quarters of the Grade 12 students plan to proceed to higher education. This proportion is true even for those in the Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track. Among the highlights of the focus group discussion with students is the revelation that they are not very confident that they will get a job after graduating from SHS. Even those who passed the National Certification assessments still believe that the firms will prefer hiring college graduates over them. Meanwhile, most of the firms lack in-depth knowledge of the SHS program. They expressed the need to be exposed to the SHS graduates before they can be confident in hiring them. While it may be too early to gauge the performance of the SHS program, particularly the performance of its graduates in the labor market, the study has uncovered areas for improving the implementation of the program to boost the chances of achieving its objectives, particularly the employment and entrepreneurship capabilities of SHS graduates.

Technological breakthroughs and the interplay of a number of fields, including advanced robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), nanotechnology, neurotech, data analytics, blockchain, cloud technology, biotechnology, Internet of Things (IOT), and 3D printing, have ushered in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIRe). These various FIRe technologies are already being adopted by Philippine industries, although in varying degrees of diffusion. The extent to which all the potential benefits will be realized from these technologies depends on the country's ability to overcome its capacity to aptly adapt to the global disruptions that are expected to come along with the FIRe. The country needs to focus on establishing a solid basic foundation for sustained learning and on accumulating various types of capital, while progressively and systematically closing the existing technological and knowledge gaps. Both the public and private sectors need to pay attention to the miniscule investment it has been putting in R&D; concomitantly, the Government must have an informed view on how to improve the efficiency of its deployment. Other interrelated measures needed to be able to catch up technologically and benefit from FIRe include: (i) openness to international trade and investment, which can be useful vehicles for faster transfer of innovative ideas and technology; (ii) reduced anti-competition practices and more competition in key industries like ICT; (iii) better educated and more trainable workers and more flexible and less costly labor market regulatory environment; (iv) development of the education and training systems, including both Government and private sectors, that can efficiently and equitably produce malleable human capital; (v) accumulation of other types of complementary capital like institutional, organizational and physical capital; (vi) progressive establishment of a universal social protection system to keep the people secure, especially the poor and vulnerable, in the face expected unprecedented business and employment disruptions; and (vii) more investment in data collection, monitoring, testing and evaluation. The opportunities and challenges are multifaceted and complex. To harness the FIRe, Government as a whole should systematically review and adapt its policies, institutions and development efforts in light of upcoming revolutionary changes.

On August 13, 2017, the Philippine government enacted into law the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (UAQTE) or Republic Act No. 10931, also known as Free Tuition Law, which mandates all public higher education institutions (HEIs) and government-run technical-vocational institutions (TVIs) to provide free quality tertiary education among eligible Filipino students. This long-awaited policy aims to increase access to tertiary education, particularly for students from poorer households. These goals are intended to be achieved through the implementation of four component programs under the law, namely, (a) free tuition and other school fees in public higher education institutions, (b) free tuition in TESDA technical-vocational training institutes (TVIs), (c) tertiary education subsidy (TES), and (d) student loan program. The study is an early assessment of the RA 10931 during its first year of implementation. Given the limited time and resources, the study concentrated on the implementation of the higher education component and was not able to cover the implementation component on TESDA TVIs. The study investigated the program design and objectives, as specified by the law and its implementing rules and regulations as well as how the these are perceived and understood by key implementing actors. The study also collected initial accounts from key stakeholders and implementers on their experiences in the implementation of the law and the delivery of the policy benefits to intended recipients. The study also examined the organizational and resource requirements for the implementation of the law during this transition period. Finally, the study did an online information gathering and processed available administrative data of pertinent agencies to provide support to information generated from qualitative methods mentioned earlier. Examining the first year enrollment data, one noteworthy observation is that public HEIs were able to recover from declines in enrollment due to the introduction of grades 11 and 12 better than private HEIs in AY 2018-2019. This is true at least among the universities included in the sample of the study. There are also indications of a widening gap in the share of public and private HEI enrollment, also among first year students. Duly recognizing that the law is still in the transition period of implementation, the study raises concerns that emerged from the interviews and quantitative information and presents recommendations to strengthen the law's implementation and enhance the chances of achieving its desired outcomes.