Suchergebnisse

The redistributive reforms carried out by center-left governments in Chile and Uruguay in the 2000s affected the core interests of economic elites. Efforts to increase taxes on high-income sectors and reform the institutions that regulate the capital-labor relationship produced different results in the two countries. While Uruguay adopted significant reforms, reforms in Chile were marginal in 2000–2010 and moderate in 2014–2016. Their different trajectories are related to different configurations of the distribution of power resources between the elites and the social organizations that represent the interests of low-income sectors.Las reformas redistributivas llevadas a cabo por los gobiernos de centro-izquierda en Chile y Uruguay en la década de 2000 afectaron los intereses centrales de las élites económicas. Los esfuerzos para aumentar los impuestos a los sectores de altos ingresos y reformar las instituciones que regulan la relación capital-trabajo produjeron resultados diferentes en los dos países. Mientras que Uruguay adoptó reformas significativas, las reformas en Chile fueron marginales en 2000–2010 y moderadas en 2014–2016. Sus diferentes trayectorias están relacionadas con diferentes configuraciones de la distribución de recursos de poder entre las élites y las organizaciones sociales que representan los intereses de los sectores de bajos ingresos.

The article discusses the main academic contributions to the study of different social policy regimes in Latin America since the beginning of the 20th century to the present time. It analyzes social policy regime variation across countries and time, as well as the politics of social policy during this period. After identifying three stages in the development of social policies, the article highlights the main challenges of Latin America´s social protection regimes, the main contributions and gaps in the literature, as well as the issues that should be considered in a future research agenda. ; El artículo analiza los principales aportes de la literatura académica acerca de los regímenes de políticas sociales que se configuraron en los países latinoamericanos desde inicios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Se concentra en la variación en los regímenes de políticas sociales a nivel intrarregional, a lo largo del tiempo, así como en los factores políticos que explican esos resultados. Tras la identificación de tres etapas en el desarrollo de las políticas sociales, el estudio destaca los desafíos que hoy en día se plantean en materia de protección social, los principales aportes y vacíos en la literatura, así como asuntos a profundizar en una futura agenda de investigación. ; O artigo analisa os principais aportes da literatura acadêmica acerca dos regimes de políticas sociais que se configuraram nos países latino-americanos desde inícios do século xx até a atualidade. Concentra-se na variação nos regimes de políticas sociais no nível intrarregional e ao longo do tempo, assim como nos fatores políticos que explicam esses resultados. Após a identificação de três etapas no desenvolvimento das políticas sociais, o estudo destaca os desafios que atualmente se apresentam em matéria de proteção social, os principais aportes e vazios na literatura, assim como assuntos a aprofundar em uma futura agenda de pesquisa.

El artículo analiza los principales aportes de la literatura académica acerca de los regímenes de políticas sociales que se configuraron en los países latinoamericanos desde inicios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Se concentra en la variación en los regímenes de políticas sociales a nivel intrarregional, a lo largo del tiempo, así como en los factores políticos que explican esos resultados. Tras la identificación de tres etapas en el desarrollo de las políticas sociales, el estudio destaca los desafíos que hoy en día se plantean en materia de protección social, los principales aportes y vacíos en la literatura, así como asuntos a profundizar en una futura agenda de investigación. ; The article discusses the main academic contributions to the study of different social policy regimes in Latin America since the beginning of the 20th century to the present time. It analyzes social policy regime variation across countries and time, as well as the politics of social policy during this period. After identifying three stages in the development of social policies, the article highlights the main challenges of Latin America´s social protection regimes, the main contributions and gaps in the literature, as well as the issues that should be considered in a future research agenda.

Após a fase de reformas liberais na região, o acesso dos partidos de esquerda ao governo levantou expectativas em relação às mudanças que eles seriam capazes de promover. O artigo analisa a reforma do Estado Social impulsionada pelos recentes governos do centro-esquerda no Chile e no Uruguai. O estudo chama a atenção para a ativa agenda de reformas sociais, mas constata que eles têm um tom moderado. Também destaca que o rol social do Estado foi reforçado. Após esta fase de reformas, o Estado social chileno é predominantemente liberal, embora alguns dispositivos solidários for reforçados, enquanto o uruguaio apresenta uma estrutura híbrida, com uma maior presença de mecanismos coletivos na gestão dos riscos sociais.

Uruguay stands out as an exceptional case for having a vibrant party system, stable democracy, and frequent use of direct democracy mechanisms (MDDs). Previous research has explained the use of MDDs as a means of opposing centre-right governments, but it has failed to explain the subsequent use of these mechanisms during the period of alternation between the major ideological blocs in government after 2005. We make an empirical contribution by describing the practice of direct democracy actions and explaining their fate through a qualitative comparative analysis that assesses how well the theoretical expectations proposed by Altman are borne out in the Uruguayan case in the latest period. We conclude that the politics of direct democracy change when ideological blocs alternate in government and that direct democracy initiatives fail due to the lack of lobbying power, high government approval rates, or non-concurrency of the vote with the presidential election in the context of a positive economic environment.

ABSTRACTThe use of veto points to block policy change has received significant attention in Latin America, but the different institutional venues have not been analyzed in a unified framework. Uruguay is exceptional in that political actors use both referendums and judicial review as effective ways to oppose public policies. While the activation of direct democracy mechanisms in Uruguay has been widely studied, the surge in the use of the judicial venue remains underexplored. This article argues that veto point use responds to the ideological content of policies adopted by different coalitions and the type of interest organization affected. It shows that policy opponents predominantly activate referendums when center-right coalitions rule and judicial review when center-left coalitions govern. It illustrates the causal argument by tracing the politics of court and referendum activation. This approach helps to bridge the gap between research on direct democracy and judicial politics, providing a unified framework.

In recent decades, the Uruguayan Su­preme Court of Justice (SCJ) has been at the center of the political scene and has increased the number of rulings declaring some impor­tant laws unconstitutional. As a first step to un­derstand the role of this actor in the Uruguayan political system, the article analyzes the SCJ's formal power, its informal institutions and the relationship between them. The main results indicate that SCJ design has medium levels of autonomy, but a limited scope of authority to intervene decisively in politically significant disputes. This configuration is stable in com­parison with the experiences of the countries of the region. As for informal institutions, the practice that guides the appointment of the Court justices reinforces the levels of autonomy, but the judges' conception about their role in the political system enhances their limitations in terms of authority. However, some signs of changes in the conception of the professional role of the judges are identi­fied, which could be leading to an increase of the Court's authority in the political system. ; En las últimas décadas, la Suprema Corte de Justicia (SCJ) de Uruguay ha estado en el centro de la escena política a partir del au­mento de sentencias que declararon inconsti­tucionales un conjunto leyes importantes. Para comenzar a comprender el papel de este actor en el sistema político uruguayo, el artículo analiza los alcances del poder formal de la SCJ, así como sus instituciones informales y la re­lación entre ambos. Los principales resultados indican que la SCJ tiene un diseño institucional que le confiere una autonomía media, pero una autoridad baja para intervenir de forma decisiva sobre disputas políticas significativas. Dicha configuración es muy estable en com­paración con las experiencias de los países de la región. Además, las instituciones informales que guían la designación de los miembros de la Corte refuerzan los niveles de autonomía, pero el entendimiento que los jueces tradicional­mente han tenido sobre su papel en el sistema político potencia sus limitaciones en el plano de la autoridad. No obstante, se identifican algunos indicios de cambios en la concepción del rol profesional de los jueces, que podrían estar ambientando un mayor protagonismo de la Corte en el escenario político.

O artigo analisa as principais políticas de bem-estar desenvolvidas pelo governo de esquerda no Uruguai, nos dois primeiros anos de mandato, procurando identificar as áreas e setores que foram priorizados, a orientação predominante e o papel que o Estado desempenha na provisão da proteção social. Os resultados preliminares indicam a configuração de um estadismo moderado em matéria de políticas públicas em geral e, em particular, no campo social. Entretanto, constata-se a persistência de um conjunto de serviços sociais estratégicos, como o sistema de seguridade social, que continuam num regime de semiprivatização, instaurado em governos anteriores. Essa convivência de opções dessemelhantes, no campo social, abre um conjunto de questões políticas sobre o sistema de políticas sociais emergentes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: políticas sociais, bem estar; proteção, vulnerabilidade, pobreza, gasto público.A NEW SYNTHESIS? THE SOCIAL CALENDAR OF THE URUGUAYAN LEFT IN TWO YEARS OF GOVERNMENT Carmen Midaglia Florencia Antía This paper analyzes the main welfare policies developed by the leftist government in Uruguay, in the first two years of its term, trying to identify the areas and sectors that were prioritized, the predominant orientation and the role that the State plays in the provision of the social protection. The preliminary results indicate the configuration of a moderate statism in general regarding public policies and, in particular, in the social field. However, the persistence of a group of strategic social services is verified, such as the system of social security, that continue in a semiprivatization regime, such as was established in previous governments. This coexistence of different options, in the social field, opens a group of political issues on the system of emerging social politics. KEYWORDS: social politics, welfare; protection, vulnerability, poverty, public expense.UNE NOUVELLE SYNTHÈSE? L'AGENDA SOCIAL DE LA GAUCHE URUGUAYENNE PENDANT DEUX ANS DE GOUVERNEMENT Carmen Midaglia Florencia Antía Dans cet article, on analyse les principales politiques du bien-être social développées par le gouvernement de gauche en Uruguay, au cours de ses deux premières années de mandat, en essayant d'identifier les domaines et les secteurs qui ont été prioritaires, l'orientation qui a prédominé et le rôle de l'État en ce qui concerne la protection sociale. Les premiers résultats indiquent un gouvernement modéré en matière de politiques publiques en général et dans le domaine social en particulier. On peut cependant constater la persistance d'un ensemble de services sociaux stratégiques, tel le système de sécurité sociale, qui continuent en régime semi privé et qui ont été instaurés par les gouvernements précédents. Ce mélange d'options aussi peu ressemblantes, dans le domaine social, débouche sur un ensemble de questionnements politiques relatifs au système des politiques sociales émergentes. MOTS-CLÉS: politiques sociales, bien-être, protection, vulnérabilité, pauvreté, coût social. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br