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Basque SeparatismThis article examines the origins of Basque nationalism, major reasons why the terrorist organization ETA was founded, and the evolution of ETA's activities. Alongside this discussion, a parallel history of moderate nationalism pursued by the Basque Nationalist Party is also examined. The article adopts a historical approach, since Basque nationalism has evolved in a specific way, and the historical, political and systemic changes influenced the Basque Country in a different way than other regions of Spain.In the literature, researchers show that Basque citizens are characterized by a strong sense of national identity. This is due firstly to the fact that many Basques identify themselves with the Basque Country rather than with Spain, which indicates a clear declaration of their national identity. This means that the Basques consider themselves a separate nation. The consequence of this is their desire to have a greater autonomy, preferably under the Spanish federal state, or to gain independence.

Basque SeparatismThis article examines the origins of Basque nationalism, major reasons why the terrorist organization ETA was founded, and the evolution of ETA's activities. Alongside this discussion, a parallel history of moderate nationalism pursued by the Basque Nationalist Party is also examined. The article adopts a historical approach, since Basque nationalism has evolved in a specific way, and the historical, political and systemic changes influenced the Basque Country in a different way than other regions of Spain.In the literature, researchers show that Basque citizens are characterized by a strong sense of national identity. This is due firstly to the fact that many Basques identify themselves with the Basque Country rather than with Spain, which indicates a clear declaration of their national identity. This means that the Basques consider themselves a separate nation. The consequence of this is their desire to have a greater autonomy, preferably under the Spanish federal state, or to gain independence.

Artykuł przedstawia analizę roli, jaką pełnią różni aktorzy niepaństwowi w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa globalnego. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje, jakie obecnie pełnią w tym procesie państwa oraz wskazuje, że ich rola stopniowo maleje na rzecz aktorów pozapaństwowych. Artykuł jednocześnie dostarcza klasyfikację tychże aktorów (organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, korporacje, grupy zbrojne, think-tanki, diaspory, partie polityczne czy Kościół katolicki), różnicując ich znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.

Artykuł przedstawia analizę roli, jaką pełnią różni aktorzy niepaństwowi w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa globalnego. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje, jakie obecnie pełnią w tym procesie państwa oraz wskazuje, że ich rola stopniowo maleje na rzecz aktorów pozapaństwowych. Artykuł jednocześnie dostarcza klasyfikację tychże aktorów (organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, korporacje, grupy zbrojne, think-tanki, diaspory, partie polityczne czy Kościół katolicki), różnicując ich znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. ; The article presents the analysis of the role of non-state actors in shaping global security. It points out the functions performed by states and the observation that their role is gradually diminishing in favor of non-state actors. The article also presents the classification of these actors (governmental and non-governmental organizations, corporations, militias, think-tanks, diasporas, political parties and the Catholic Church) differentiating their significance for international security.

The article aims to present the issue of 'old' versus 'new' wars in relation to their specific features. It focuses on the characteristics of both phenomena, as well as providing an analysis of the causes and sources of armed conflicts and their changing dimensions. Methods of waging war have changed along with the political, economic, social and technological developments which have been observed over the years. The very philosophy of war has undergone changes in a similar way. The article aims to identify the direction of changes in the dimensions of war. It also provides an insight into the privatization of warfare and the constantly growing importance of non-state actors in shaping the international order, and therefore their role in postmodern wars. ; Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie kwestii "starych" i "nowych" wojen w odniesieniu do ich specyficznych cech. Koncentruje się on na charakterystyce obu zjawisk, a także na analizie przyczyn i źródeł konfliktów zbrojnych oraz ich zmieniających się wymiarów. Metody prowadzenia wojny uległy prze-obrażeniu wraz z trwającym latami rozwojem politycznym, gospodarczym, społecznym i technologicznym. Sama filozofia wojny uległa zmianom w podobny sposób. Artykuł ma na celu określenie kierunku ewolucji wymiarów wojny. Dostarcza również analizę fenomenu, jakim jest prywatyzacja działań wojennych, a także zwraca uwagę na stale rosnące znaczenie podmiotów niepaństwowych w kształtowaniu porządku międzynarodowego, a tym samym ich rolę w postmodernistycznych wojnach.

The article aims to present the issue of 'old' versus 'new' wars in relation to their specific features. It focuses on the characteristics of both phenomena, as well as providing an analysis of the causes and sources of armed conflicts and their changing dimensions. Methods of waging war have changed along with the political, economic, social and technological developments which have been observed over the years. The very philosophy of war has undergone changes in a similar way. The article aims to identify the direction of changes in the dimensions of war. It also provides an insight into the privatization of warfare and the constantly growing importance of non-state actors in shaping the international order, and therefore their role in post-modern wars.

The article deals with main areas of Spanish national defence policy within the Mediterranean area. This vital element of the Spanish defence policy is strongly connected with close cooperation within NATO and the EU. It discusses three main fora the Mediterranean policy has been being realized, namely the Mediterranean Dialogue, the Barcelona Process and the 5 + 5 Initiative, their basic principles, assumptions and role in the overall Spanish policy towards the Mediterranean region. It concludes with a few remarks stating that Spain wants to be present on as many for a as possible which deal with cooperation with the non-European countries of the Mediterranean region, being aware, on the other hand that only a synergy of efforts in the field especially between NATO and the EU would be a best solution also to omit duplication.

This paper examines the role of Saudi Arabia's economic sectors in creating or rather transforming into a knowledge-based economy. It determines major enablers that could support the process. Judgments and opinions are used to make some general recommendations for the shift from an oil-based economy into a knowledge-based economy in the long term. As a main finding, it identifies four areas contributing most to that transformation: changes in the private sector and in the household (including education gaps and professional exclusion, especially of women), government support (including research and education, innovations, and new technologies, especially communications) and human capital (talent management).

Providing in-depth analysis, this book enables readers to understand the theoretical aspects of personal selling and explores the difficulties of selling services which are sensitive to cultural, age and gender differences, and to customers originating from diverse cultural zones. Agents and personal sellers must be aware of these differences and be familiar with the expectations of customers. Cross-cultural Personal Selling provides extensive empirical research results with special emphasis on competences, skills and qualifications of personal sellers which are necessary for successful, effective and efficient promotion campaigns aimed at customers from different cultures. Academics of international marketing and promotion will find this study extremely useful, as well as practitioners looking to expand their knowledge on personal selling.