Suchergebnisse

This study aims to analyze the factors that are thought to affect the income of farmers in the village of Toraja Regency. The variables used are factors that are thought to influence and determine the size of the net income that will be received by farmers, namely, the area of rice fields, the amount of fertilizer use, the use of liquid pesticides, the use of labor in one growing season. The analytical method used is quantitative analysis method using multiple linear regression model and bibliometrics analysis. The data used are primary data obtained from the research location through observation and interviews and supporting data obtained from the village government, the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the media and others. The results of this study show that the variables, namely the amount of fertilizer, liquid pesticides, and the use of labor in paddy fields significantly affect the income of rice farmers in Toraja district.

This report provides the first comprehensive assessment of action taken by Britain to implement measures against South Africa

Traffic and road transport has a strategic role in supporting development and national integration as part of efforts to promote the general welfare, as mandated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, so it requires a synergistic relationship (synergistic relationship) between the implementation of UU No. 22 Tahun 2009 on Traffic and Transportation with economic development and regional development especially in Surakarta. The Government is obliged to keep the roads safe, orderly and smooth, so as to encourage development in areas of the economy and industry, particularly in the areas of production, consumption and distribution of goods or services, either within or between Surakarta, with the ex-residency of Surakarta, in order to achieve equitable development and its results, economic growth and balanced development of the region.

This research aims to analyze the pattern of Indonesian diplomacy with countries in the Eastern European region using a quantitative approach and Social Network Analysis methods. In this research data collection uses the Twitter Developer API tools which are then processed using Gephi 0.9.2 and Microsoft Excel tools. In today's digital era, communication between actors can not only be done through physical meetings. The impact of these technological and communication developments has provided a shift in the implementation of diplomacy between countries. This encourages each country to make adaptations in improving its diplomatic relations. As one of the steps to face the technological and communication revolution, diplomacy between countries is established through digital diplomacy. Digital diplomacy is a diplomatic activity that is carried out using digital instruments, in this case, social media.

Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well. ; Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well. ; Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well.

Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well. ; Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well. ; Language expertise in the Livonian Teutonic Order The contribution discusses the knowledge of languages by members and officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia. The topics of this paper are the presence and role of the (Old) Russian, and Livonian native languages in the Order. Russian was needed for diplomatic contacts with the Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were individual knights of the Order who were able to communicate in Russian. However, the Order mostly used hired interpreters and translators. They were of urban descent and had learned the language as young merchants. Some of them served the Order (the Master of the Order) for decades and received small holdings (a couple of peasant farms) as payment. In several cases the translators acted independently as diplomats and envoys. The Livonian Teutonic Order also needed special staff for communication with the natives. As indicated in the sixteenth-century sources, the Teutonic manors had interpreters among their staff. The intermediators could be members of Livonian local German nobility, and of the native ("undeutsch") descent as well. The interpreters at a Teutonic castle belonged to the lower group of functionaries and became remunerated, for example, with a tavern or mill. The quality of the translations can be traced in the case of the communication with the Rus', and it is in many cases remarkably low. All in all, the practical multilingual communication of the Teutonic Order in Livonia functioned seemingly quite well.

The Role of the Teutonic Order in Creating the Parochial Organisation in LivoniaLivonia counted no less than 170–180 rural parishes in around 1550. About 90 of them were situated on the territory of the Teutonic Order. The net of Livonian parishes was uneven; especially in the Teutonic Order's territory in the south and south-east the area of several parishes exceeded hundreds of km2. Parishes consisted an important tool of controlling and administrating an area and their establishment corresponded to the interests of the territorial lord. Their density reflects the settlement pattern of the territory. In this regard there is no differences between the lordship of the Teutonic Order and episcopal ones. The very large parishes of the Order's territory lie in sparsely settled areas which were continuously affected by warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The correlation existed between the size of parishes and the economic capacity of a region, irrespective who was the master over the territory. Additionally, local vassals initiated new parish foundations in the14th–16th centuries. As the Order's territory lacked extensive enfeoffments, the new parishes were mostly created in episcopal territories. There were no fundamental differences in the parish establishing policy of the Teutonic Order and the bishops.

The Role of the Teutonic Order in Creating the Parochial Organisation in LivoniaLivonia counted no less than 170–180 rural parishes in around 1550. About 90 of them were situated on the territory of the Teutonic Order. The net of Livonian parishes was uneven; especially in the Teutonic Order's territory in the south and south-east the area of several parishes exceeded hundreds of km2. Parishes consisted an important tool of controlling and administrating an area and their establishment corresponded to the interests of the territorial lord. Their density reflects the settlement pattern of the territory. In this regard there is no differences between the lordship of the Teutonic Order and episcopal ones. The very large parishes of the Order's territory lie in sparsely settled areas which were continuously affected by warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The correlation existed between the size of parishes and the economic capacity of a region, irrespective who was the master over the territory. Additionally, local vassals initiated new parish foundations in the14th–16th centuries. As the Order's territory lacked extensive enfeoffments, the new parishes were mostly created in episcopal territories. There were no fundamental differences in the parish establishing policy of the Teutonic Order and the bishops.