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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a well-established spectroscopic technique for electronic structure characterization of rare-earth ion impurities in crystalline and amorphous hosts. EPR spectra of erbium-doped glass matrices and nanocomposites can provide information about local structure variations induced by changes in chemical composition or crystallization processes. Characterization possibilities of Er3+ ions in glasses and glass ceramics including direct EPR measurements, indirect investigations via secondary paramagnetic probes, and optically detected magnetic resonance techniques are considered in this article. --- / / / --- This is the pre-print of the following article: A. Antuzevics, EPR characterization of erbium in glasses and glass ceramics, Low Temperature Physics 46, 1149 (2020), which has been published at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/10.0002465 under license by AIP Publishing. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with AIP Publishing Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; The author expresses gratitude to Guna Krieke and Professor Uldis Rogulis for valuable discussions during the preparation of this article. This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project "Novel transparent nano-composite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications," Project No. LZP-2018/1-0335. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.

The development of novel materials requires a profound understanding of the relationship between a material's performance and its structural properties. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a well-established technique for a direct detection and identification of paramagnetic defects in solids. This chapter provides an overview of the applicability of continuous wave EPR spectroscopy in the studies of glass ceramics focusing on transition metal (Mn2 +, Cu2 +, Cr3 +) and rare earth (Gd3 +, Eu2 +, Er3 +, Yb3 +) ion local structure analysis. EPR spectra features of the above-mentioned paramagnetic probes in glasses and glass ceramics are compared and discussed in detail. The chapter also serves the purpose of summarizing recent endeavors devoted to the investigation of transparent glass ceramics illustrating the results on oxyfluoride glass ceramic systems. --- / / / --- This is the uncorrected proof version of the following article: A. Antuzevics, Chapter 8 - EPR in glass ceramics, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences 50 (2019), which has been published in final form at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012814024600008X. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; The author is grateful to the colleagues of the Laboratory of Spectroscopy (Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia)—Guna Krieke, Meldra Kemere and Dr. Andris Fedotovs for assistance and valuable suggestions during the preparation of the chapter and to Dr. Krisjanis Smits for TEM measurements. This work was supported by Latvian Council of Science grant LZP-2018/1-0335 "Novel transparent nanocomposite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications." Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

This work was supported by ERANET MYND. Also, financial support provided by Scientific Research Project for Students and Young Researchers Nr. SJZ/2017/2 realized at the Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia is greatly acknowledged. The authors express our gratitude to R.I. Mashkovtsev for help in ESR signal interpretation. The authors are appreciative to T.I. Dyuzheva, L.M. Lityagina, N.A. Bendeliani for stishovite single crystals and to K. Hubner and H.-J. Fitting for stishovite powder of Barringer Meteor Crater. ; An electron spin resonance (ESR) and photoluminescence signal is observed in the as grown single crystal of stishovite indicating the presence of defects in the non‐irradiated sample. The photoluminescence of the as received stishovite single crystals exhibits two main bands – a blue at 3 eV and an UV at 4.75 eV. Luminescence is excited in the range of optical transparency of stishovite (below 8.75 eV) and, therefore, is ascribed to defects. A wide range of decay kinetics under a pulsed excitation is observed. For the blue band besides the exponential decay with a time constant of about 18 μs an additional ms component is revealed. For the UV band besides the fast component with a time constant of 1–3 ns a component with a decay in tens μs is obtained. The main components (18 μs and 1–3 ns) possess a typical intra‐center transition intensity thermal quenching. The effect of the additional slow component is related to the presence of OH groups and/or carbon molecular defects modifying the luminescence center. The additional slow components exhibit wave‐like thermal dependences. Photo‐thermally stimulated creation–destruction of the complex comprising host defect and interstitial modifiers explains the slow luminescence wave‐like thermal dependences. ; ERANET MYND; ISSP UL Nr. SJZ/2017/2 ; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

CC BY-NC-ND ; Gadolinium doped SrF2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by the precipitation method and characterized by site-selective optical spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy methods at cryogenic temperatures. The type of Gd3+ centres present in SrF2 is strongly dependent on the heat treatment parameters – the chosen temperature and gas composition during the annealing. Gd3+ ions in SrF2 annealed at temperatures up to 400 °C are mainly incorporated into sites with cubic symmetry. Higher annealing temperatures enable charge compensators to locate in a closer vicinity of the Gd3+ ion lowering the site symmetry. Oxygen compensated Gd3+ centres form after heating in air atmosphere, whereas for samples heated at an identical temperature in inert atmosphere interstitial fluorine ions serve as charge compensators. A comparison with previous studies of transparent glass ceramics containing SrF2:Gd3+ shows similar patterns in gadolinium centre formation with the precipitated nanoparticles annealed in inert atmosphere here. The obtained results give a fundamental insight in trivalent defect formation mechanisms in nanostructured SrF2 systems. ---/ / / --- This is the preprint version of the following article: A. Antuzevics, M. Kemere, G. Krieke, Multisite formation in gadolinium doped SrF2 nanoparticles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 762 (2018), which has been published in final form at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925838818320164. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. CC BY-NC-ND ; Authors thank prof. Uldis Rogulis for valuable discussions and suggestions and Dr. Krisjanis Smits for TEM measurements. Financial support provided by Scientific Research Project for Students and Young Researchers Nr. SJZ/2017/2 realized at the Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia is greatly acknowledged. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

The authors are grateful to Dr. Andris Fedotovs for photography of the samples. This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project "Novel transparent nanocomposite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications", project No. LZP-2018/1-0335. ; Assessment of activator distribution in lanthanide doped nanocomposites is an important and challenging task. Oxyfluoride glass ceramics have been chosen as a model system to characterize incorporation efficiency of Eu3+ ions in CaF2 nanocrystals using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Lattice constant changes induced by size mismatch of Eu3+ and Ca2+ ions have been used to evaluate Eu3+ content in CaF2. The distortion of CaF2 lattice due to incorporation of europium ions can be detected from EPR investigations via Gd3+ paramagnetic probe spectra. It is shown that ratio of different symmetry CaF2:Gd3+ centres and linewidth of EPR transitions can be used to monitor europium content in the crystalline phase of glass ceramics. --- / / / --- This is the preprint version of the following article: A. Antuzevics, G. Krieke, E. Pavlovska, U. Rogulis, Eu3+ ion distribution in oxyfluoride glass nanocomposites, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 522, 119548 (2019), DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119548, which has been published in final form at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022309319304193. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ; Latvian Council of Science LZP-2018/1-0335; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

The authors wish to express gratitude to K. Smits for TEM measurements. This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project "Novel transparent nanocomposite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications", project No. LZP-2018/1-0335. GK wishes to expresses gratitude to Arnis Riekstins "MikroTik" donation. Donations are administered by the University of Latvia Foundation. © 2019. This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ; Transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing hexagonal NaErF4 nanocrystals were synthesized by a heat treatment of a precursor glass obtained by the melt quenching technique. Combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed the formation of single phase nanocrystals in the glass ceramics. The enhancement of intensity and spectral change of upconversion luminescence (UCL) confirmed the presence of Er3+ ions in the crystalline phase of the glass ceramics. Dominant energy transfer processes were identified using the rate equation formalism. Time-resolved site-selective spectroscopy studies at low temperatures were employed to elucidate the local structure of Er3+ ions in the glass ceramics and microcrystalline NaErF4. The origin of multi-site formation in hexagonal NaErF4 lattice is discussed. --- / / / --- This is the preprint of the following article: Guna Krieke; Andris Antuzevics, Maris Springis, Uldis Rogulis, Upconversion luminescence in transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing hexagonal NaErF4, Journal of Alloys and Compounds Volume 798 (2019), which has been published at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925346717304731. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. © 2019. This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ; Latvian Council of Science LZP-2018/1-0335; University of Latvia Foundation; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

Different compositions of europium doped aluminosilicate oxyfluoride glass ceramics prepared in air atmosphere have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical spectroscopy methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements show presence of homogenously distributed SrF2 nanocrystals after the heat treatment of the precursor glass. Efficient Eu3+ incorporation in the high symmetry environment of glass ceramics is observed from the photoluminescence spectra. EPR spectra indicate Eu3+ → Eu2+ reduction upon precipitation of crystalline phases in the glass matrix. For composition abundant with Eu2+ in the glassy state such behaviour is not detected. Local structure around europium ions is discussed based on differences in chemical compositions. --- / / / --- This is the preprint of the following article: A. Antuzevics, M. Kemere, G. Krieke, R. Ignatans, Electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence investigation of europium local structure in oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing SrF2 nanocrystals, Optical Materials 72 (2017), which has been published at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925346717304731. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; Authors thank prof. U. Rogulis for valuable discussions and suggestions and Dr. Krisjanis Smits for TEM measurements. Financial support provided by Scientific Research Project for Students and Young Researchers Nr. SJZ/2016/3 realized at the Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia is greatly acknowledged. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020- WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

The advances of EPR spectroscopy for the detection of activators as well as determining their local structure in the crystalline phase of glass ceramics is considered. The feasibility of d-element (Mn2+, Cu2+) and f-element (Gd3+, Eu2+) ion probes for the investigation of glass ceramics is discussed. In the case of Mn2+, the information is obtained from the EPR spectrum superhyperfine structure, for Gd3+ and Eu2+ probes – from the EPR spectrum fine structure, whereas for Cu2+ ions the changes in the EPR spectrum shape could be useful. The examples of EPR spectra of the above-mentioned probes in oxyfluoride glass ceramics are illustrated. --- / / / --- This is the preprint version of the following article: A. Antuzevics, U. Rogulis, A. Fedotovs, A.I. Popov, Crystalline phase detection in glass ceramics by EPR spectroscopy, Low Temperature Physics 44, 341 (2018), which has been published in final form at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5030462?journalCode=ltp by AIP Publishing. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with AIP Publishing Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; The authors thank Meldra Kemere and Dr. Edgars Elsts for sample synthesis and Reinis Ignatans for XRD measurements. Financial support of Latvian-Ukrainian Joint Research Project No. LV-UA/2016/1 is acknowledged. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

This research is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity 'Improvement of researchers' qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects' of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT- K-712, project "Investigation of the application of TiO2 and ZnO for the visible light assisted photocatalytical disinfection of the biologically contaminated water" (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0175). The authors express gratitude for the S. Tuckute, M. Urbonavicius, G. Laukaitis and K. Bockute for their valuable input in current work. © 2019. This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ; Black colour TiO2 films were synthesized on amorphous fused silica substrates by DC magnetron sputtering technique with carbon powders placed at the working magnetron surface. Comprehensive sample analysis by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the rutile/anatase heterostructure TiO2 films were successfully formed. Moreover, observation of Osingle bondTisingle bondC bonds confirmed that TiO2 phase was doped by carbon additives. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to identify the effect of deposition time and TiO2 film thickness on the surface morphology, roughness and crystallite size. Results of electron spin resonance showed that oxygen vacancies were generated on the surface with trapped unpaired electrons. Optical analysis by UV–vis light spectrophotometer showed that TiO2 films with carbon additives improve its capability to absorb visible light. Accordingly, methylene blue bleaching experiments under UVsingle bondA and visible light irradiation showed that black colour TiO2 films are capable to decompose methylene blue solution at both UVsingle bondA and visible light irradiation. --- / / / --- This is the preprint of the following article: Sarunas Varnagiris, Arturs Medvids, Martynas Lelis, Darius Milcius, Andris Antuzevics, Black carbon-doped TiO2 films: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalysis, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry Volume 382, 1 September 2019, 111941 (2019), DOI 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111941, which has been published at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1010603019303442. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ; European Social Fund 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0175; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017 TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

This work is supported by Material Science program IMIS2 of Latvia. ; A fiber preform with P-doped silica core is studied by luminescence methods. P-doped silica was synthesized via the SPCVD method on a substrate tube made of pure silica glass F300. Two luminescence bands were detected under excitation of the F2 excimer laser (157 nm). One band is in UV range at 4.6 eV (265 nm) with two time constants ~ 30 ns and 5 μs and the other at 3.1 eV (400 nm) with time constant ~ 5.5 ms. Fast decay of the blue band with time constant ~ 20 ns was also observed. The main excitation band of the UV luminescence is at 7.1 eV (~ 170 nm) and that for blue band is at 6.3 eV (~ 195 nm). These bands belong to two different luminescence centers, however, both are associated with the presence of phosphorus. The UV band is similar to the one observed in many different oxide materials containing phosphorus and is ascribed to PO43- complex ion. The blue band is ascribed to a twofold coordinated phosphorus. Both the blue and the UV luminescences participate in the recombination process due to electron trapping. These luminescences appear due to thermal stimulation upon recombination of liberated self-trapped holes. Other than the detected phosphorus-related oxygen-hole-centers, there is no other recombination luminescence. ; IMIS2; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project "Novel transparent nanocomposite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications", project No. LZP-2018/1-0335. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017- TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2. ; LaOCl doped with 0–10 mol% Cr was synthesized by thermal decomposition of chlorides. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that incorporation of chromium results in a decrease of the lattice parameter a and a simultaneous increase of the lattice parameter c. The local structure of chromium ions was studied with X-ray photoelectron (XPS), X-ray absorption (XANES), multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy techniques. It was determined that synthesis in oxidizing atmosphere promotes the incorporation of chromium ions predominantly in the 5+ oxidation state. Changes of chromium oxidation state and local environment occur after a subsequent treatment in reducing atmosphere. Spin-Hamiltonian (SH) parameters for a Cr5+ and two types of Cr3+ centers in LaOCl were determined from the EPR spectra simulations. ; Latvian Council of Science,project No. LZP-2018/1-0335; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and EPR detected via MCD (MCD-EPR) investigations have been performed on rare-earth activated oxyfluoride glasses and glass-ceramics. Er3+, Gd3+, and Mn2+ activators in oxyfluoride glass-ceramics show paramagnetic MCD behaviour and the MCD-EPR has been detected. The results of the MCD-EPR measurements for the Er-doped oxyfluoride glass-ceramics showed that Er3+ ions in the CaF2 crystallites in these ceramics embed only in the cubic symmetry environment, similarly to the previous observations of cubic Gd3+ centres in the glass-ceramics containing CaF2. Finally, the correlation of optics and paramagnetic centres is discussed for Mn-doped YAlO3 ceramics. ; Latvian-Ukrainian Joint Research Project (No LV-UA/2016/1 in Latvia and No M/78-2016 in Ukraine); Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science , project "Novel transparent nanocomposite oxyfluoride materials for optical applications", project No. LZP-2018/1–0335 . The crystal growth research was funded by the CNPq (Brazil), project NO 421581/2016–6 . ; Recombination luminescence (RL) and RL-detected electron paramagnetic resonance (RL-EPR) in BaY2F8 single crystal has been investigated after irradiation with X-rays at low temperature. The recombination process, which lasts for several hours at 4 K, results in several broad bands in the RL spectrum. RL-EPR spectra show pronounced angular dependences on crystal orientation relative to external magnetic field. Based on the determined spin-Hamiltonian parameter values the recombination centres have been proposed to be F-type electron and self-trapped hole (VK) centres ; Latvian Council of Science LZP-2018/1–0335; CNPq 421581/2016–6; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

Copyright © 2020, Springer Science Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature ; In this study, yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) specimens in which yttrium was partially substituted by lanthanum Y3-xLaxAl5O12 (YLaAG) were prepared by an aqueous sol-gel method. YLaAG samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods. The presence of Ce3+ ions as an impurity originating from starting material was determined, therefore, luminescence measurements of YLaAG samples were also recorded. It was demonstrated that luminescent properties are strongly dependent on the phase composition of synthesized species. The XRD analysis results showed that only low substitution of yttrium by lanthanum is possible in Y3-xLaxAl5O12 without destroying garnet crystal structure. It was also demonstrated, that solid state NMR and EPR methods are indispensable tools for the explanation of processes and properties observed in the newly synthesized Y3-xLaxAl5O12 compounds. --- / / / --- This is the preprint version of the following article: Laurikenas, A., Sakalauskas, D., Marsalka, A. et al. Investigation of lanthanum substitution effects in yttrium aluminium garnet: importance of solid state NMR and EPR methods. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-020-05445-2, which has been published in final form at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10971-020-05445-2. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Springer Terms and Conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; This work was supported by a Research grant NEGEMAT (No. S-MIP-19-59) from the Research Council of Lithuania. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

This study was supported by a grant from Latvian Council of Science (agreement No. LZP-2018/1-0214). ; Original results on the EPR and photoluminescence Cr3+ ions in natural magnesium aluminum spinel (MgAl2O4) are presented. The photoluminescence spectra of Cr3+ ions in natural MgAl2O4 have been measured before and after irradiated by fast neutrons. --- / / / --- This is the preprint version of the following article: N. Mironova-Ulmane, A. I. Popov, G. Krieke, A. Antuzevics, V. Skvortsova, E. Elsts, and A. Sarakovskis, Low-temperature studies of Cr3+ ions in natural and neutron-irradiated Mg-Al spinel, Low Temperature Physics,46, 1154 (2020), DOI https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0002467, which has been published in final form at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/10.0002467. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with American Institute of Physics terms and conditions for Sharing and Self-Archiving. ; Latvian Council of Science (agreement No. LZP-2018/1-0214); Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².