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Chapter Part I Theoretical aspects PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, TAXES, DEBT AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH /Patrick Artus --part STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND PUBLIC DEFICIT: A CGE MODELLING ANALYSIS FOR GREECE Pantélis Capros and Pavlos Karadeloglou --chapter 1 PUBLIC DEFICITS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: RESULTS OF AN ECONOMETRIC BUSINESS CYCLE MODEL FOR THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY --chapter 2 ENDOGENOUS GROWTH AND BUDGETARY POLICY IN THE OPEN ECONOMY --part PART II PUBLIC DEFICITS AND STABILIZATION --chapter 3 PROPOSALS FOR COMMUNITY STABILIZATION MECHANISMS --chapter 4 SOME STOCHASTIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT'S BUDGET CONSTRAINT --chapter 5 CREDIT CONSTRAINTS AND THE EFFICIENCY OF BUDGETARY POLICY --chapter 6 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND PUBLIC DEFICIT --chapter 7 PUBLIC DEFICITS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION --part PART III STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES AND IMPLICATIONS --chapter 8 PUBLIC SPENDING IN FEDERAL STATES --chapter 9 CAUSALITY BETWEEN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND TAXATION --chapter 10 ON THE EFFICACY, EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY OF STATE SUPPORT IN BRITAIN.

I outline the missing link in macroeconomic analysis of fiscal policy. While the Office for Budget Responsibility's (OBR) remit does allow it to judge whether the effects of fiscal (or other economic policies) on potential output are material, such judgements will matter little for the horizon over which it is being asked to assess whether the government will meet its fiscal rules. Even if there is a material permanent increase in public investment, for example, as in the 2020 March Budget with a commitment to step from 2% of GDP to 3% of GDP, it takes a quite some time before it cumulates to a sufficient impact on the stock of public capital and on potential output to make a significant difference to the fiscal denominator. But it surely will.

During the last two decades many countries of the world faced rather strong tendency of the public debt increase. In many European countries, including the USA, very similar circumstances occurred, when the government debt increased during the last decade. In the past such high growth of debt level was characteristic only to wars or economic depressions. The level of a certain country's public debt is mostly determined by the general economic situation of the country and its perspectives. On the other hand, one of the recent and most important issue, faced by many countries, is the effect of the government debt on the economic and social life.Trying to achieve more effective and faster economic development, the government usually borrows in domestic and foreign markets. The academic society discusses the role of the public debt in economics: how the borrowed funds should be used; how much can a government borrow? It is important to determine the place and role of the public debt in the Lithuanian economy and evaluate how borrowing effects the growth of the economy.Currently, the financial markets are closely observing the state budget deficit because it shows how much of financing the government needs at a certain time and how much the rate of the national debt has increased. The analysis of the budget deficit provides information on how effective is the mobilization of the domestic means and on how the state expenses are being managed. All that enables us to decide about state's borrowing demands. They also point out that the main causes of the budget deficit may be tax collection from income, too high expenses or ineffective control.The governmental borrowing does not cause damage to the economy if only the opportunities provided by debt are used in an optimal way. The aim of this article is to determine a possibility to forecast the limits of the national debt acceptability, knowing the forecasted actual GDP growth and the value of the budget deficit. It is important to learn what level of the fiscal deficit ...

BIM is perhaps the most topical issue in construction throughout the world at present, as it is associated with solving so many of the present concerns in our industry. Our lack of housing, shortage of skilled workers, poor document management, overrunning project budgets and sustainability challenges are just a few of the challenges that BIM promises to assist in solving. The increasing importance of "digitisation" to modern construction and engineering businesses is becoming more apparent as more and more clients are explicitly asking for BIM in the design and delivery of new facilities and infrastructure. This report provides a snapshot of BIM in Ireland in 2017. The report demonstrates the interest that BIM has gained in Ireland in recent years and the remarkable progress that Ireland has made in building BIM capability in recent years. The emergence of a BIM programme in the UK provided a focus for our industry in recent years. This report will demonstrate that Ireland's BIM journey is well underway and in many respects we are as mature as any country in the developed world when it comes to BIM proficiency and diffusion. Our industry, public sector contracting authorities, educators and in particular Enterprise Ireland have responded in a very positive way. A multitude of initiatives are presented in this report, which include the important work of the CitA BIM Innovation Capability Programme (BICP) in Ireland, the National BIM Council and the recent publication of the Government's position paper on a public sector BIM adoption strategy. The particular responses by many of our tier 1 contractors, specialist M&E contractors, representative institutions and our higher education institutes has provided a solid platform of capability that will ensure that our industry and graduates of the future will be prepared for a more formal standardised requirement for BIM from both public and private clients both at home and overseas

This paper models the political budget cycle with stochastic differential equations. The paper highlights the development of future volatility of the budget cycle. In fact, I confirm the proposition of a less volatile budget cycle in future. Moreover, I show that this trend is even amplified due to higher transparency. These findings are new evidence in the literature on electoral cycles. I calibrate a rigorous stochastic model on public deficit-to-GDP data for several countries from 1970 to 2012.

Public broadcast stations in the USA are often dependent on effective fundraising for their survival. Raising money from audiences has become an important avenue through which those non-profit broadcasting organizations build their budgets. Listener/viewer support of these stations has plateaued or declined in recent years. As a result, it may help to examine how psychology theories might be used to inform our understanding of public donation behaviour. This case study involving 983 US public broadcasting donors explored the potential for using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to model their donation intentions from three perspectives: ( a) public broadcasting donors in general, ( b) public radio donors, and ( c) public television donors. Additionally, an extended model of the TPB incorporating guilt was tested. Results suggested that not all factors of the traditional TPB contributed to the donation intentions for the different modes of public broadcasting. The addition of guilt to the model increased the explanatory power of the TPB model. Findings indicate the TPB could be a useful tool for understanding the behaviour of donors to non-profit or public broadcasting organizations and has the potential to inform campaign strategies and message development.

Slovenian government has adopted the utilization of outsourcing as one of the main instruments to tackle national/municipal budget deficit and stimulate cost effectiveness of the public sector. While lacking experience as well as formal regulations and expertise in the field of outsourcing, public sector started straying to the growing and increasingly less justified outsourcing of public services, leading to a completely opposite effect than expected and desired. Being aware of the complex and almost unparalleled role of information technology (IT) in the modern organization, IT sourcing issues could define the main trajectory of public sector action in the future as well as articulate its development strategy and long-term goals of e-government in general. This paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the critical success factors of public sector outsourcing, while employing the international studies and primarily the results of the research from 2010, concerning outsourcing of IT-projects in Slovenian municipalities. This paper provides additional analysis of the material, procedural and other relevant aspects within the process of IT outsourcing, an overview of its potential implications and eventually presents a contextual framework and a set of applicable guidelines for quality management of IT outsourcing process and effective implementation of e-government projects in the public sector.

Purpose – Despite cultural dimensions being included in hundreds of business and management research studies, there have been relatively few studies in public sector accounting that include the use of cultural dimensions. It is posited that national cultural variables impact the institutions, which in turn have an influence on the public sector budgeting. This study contributes to the literature by examining these relations in 31 countries. Design/methodology/approach – These relationships are empirically evaluated by structural equation modelling using measures of national culture from the GLOBE study and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) measures named institutions from the World Bank. Furthermore, measures of public sector budgeting are evaluated in which public sector budgeting is classified according to the legislative power of the purse and budget transparency. Findings – Generally, findings reveal that institutions mediate the relationship among national cultural variables and budgeting at the national level. By that means, budgeting in a given nation is linked to the nation's supporting institutions which, in turn, are influenced by the national culture of those who maintain them. Particularly, power distance and uncertainty avoidance impact budgeting through the full mediation of institutions. Research limitations/implications – The World Bank's database used for the institutions contained over 200 countries (Kaufmann et al., 2007/2019); the GLOBE cultural database (House et al., 2004) contained data for 62 societies; the public sector budgeting (Qi and Mensah, 2011) included power of the purse and budgeting transparency country scores for 49 countries; and the datasets comprised 31 nations, mostly from OECD countries. While smaller than we would have preferred, the size is consistent with other international studies (for instance: Waldman et al., 2006; Kwok and Tadesse, 2006). Practical implications – The findings of this paper suggest that any plan to improve a nation's budgeting should consider ...

The purpose of our article is to assess the effect of diverse factors, such as economic, demographic, and institutional factors, on global and social fiscal pressure. The study is based on a panel analysis of 38 states during 2000&ndash ; 2017. We used ordinary least squares (OLS) as a base model for our estimations, and a linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors and a first difference generalized method of moments (GMM) with robust standard errors and orthogonal deviations. The results of our study indicate that the demographic and institutional factors involved in the analysis contribute to the identification of some variables that affect the global or social fiscal pressure.

Budget-neutral tax wedge reductions rank high in the policy agenda of several EMU member states. Using a New Keynesian DSGE model of a monetary union with a complex labour market structure and a comprehensive public sector, we evaluate the macroeconomic and welfare effects of reducing the firms' and workers' labour tax rates under alternative financing instruments. Overall, a tax wedge reduction is beneficial in terms of both welfare and output, as long as the financing measure does not harm private-sector productivity and/or the incentive for private capital investments over-proportionately. While financing the labour tax wedge reduction by an increase in consumption taxation yields most favourable output effects, financing it by a reduction in government spending is more beneficial in terms of welfare as the latter does not imply a policy-induced increase in private consumption costs. We also show that, when we assume that firms can adjust the ex- and intensive labour margin in response to policy changes, a reduction in the workers' and not the firms' burden is most beneficial.

The present study investigated the new green spaces modelling in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah using GIS application. It adopted the mental health theory as a theoretical framework. The data of the study was collected through two data collection instruments, namely, questionnaire as well as interview. The quantitative data was analysed through SPSS software while the qualitative data collected from the interviews was qualitatively analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings of the study revealed the most suitable model for potential new green spaces using GIS analysis (descriptive summaries) for urban planning in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah is Quba (25.5%). Moreover, the most prominent challenge facing the design of a new green space in Al-Medinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, is the weakness of the budget allocated to designing green spaces (86.7%). It is also shown that the most prominent benefits of designing new green spaces for the residents of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah are the provision of seats and seating areas. Therefore, the participants stress the importance of taking into account the provision of seats and seating places when designing green spaces (93.3%). In terms of the potential of developing urban green spaces in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, the majority of the respondents believe that urban green spaces can be developed, to a large degree, in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah in the future. Therefore, the study recommends that urban green spaces should be developed in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah and the budget allocated to designing green spaces in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah should be also increased. This study could be considered as a guideline for future development that can be used by government in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction and overview / Ann Harding -- Health status, health inequalities and the ability of older Australians to stay in the labour force / Agnes Walker -- Evaluating catastrophic drug expenditure plans / Bert Waslander -- Projections of Commonwealth health expenditure in Australia's first intergenerational report / George Rothman -- The Australian Pharmaceuticals benefit scheme and older australians : changes in government outlays and consumer costs from the 2002-03 federal budget measures / Ann Harding -- Modelling Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) utilisation and costs / Brett Parsons -- A microsimulation model for Pharmacare : development, analysis and policy applications / Anil Gupta -- Microsimulation model of medical insurance reform for government employees and workers in China / Lin Guohong -- The view from the middle : taking care of the young and the old / Steve Gribble -- A simulation model concerning future needs for long-term care of elderly persons in Sweden / Marten Lagergren -- Providing income support services to a changing aged population in Australia : Centrelinks regional microsimulation model / Anthony King -- Building policy-relevant health human resource models / Kisalaya Basu -- What is behind HRSA's projected U.S. supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses / Timothy M. Dall -- Data quality and non-response effects when using logistical regression in the Welsh health survey / Ruth Studley -- Confidentiality and anonymised survey records : the UK experience / Paul Williamson -- Population ageing and health empirical needs for effective foresight / Michael C. Wolfson -- The search for ideas among existing microsimulation models / Anil Gupta -- Model 1 : MOSART (dynamic cross-sectional microsimulation model) / Nils M. Stolen -- Model 2 : DYNAMOD / Simon Kelly -- Model 3 : the SAGE Model : a dynamic microsimulation population model for Britain / Asghar Zaidi -- Model 4 : Lifepaths model / Steve Gribble -- Model 5 : SESIM (longitudinal dynamic microsimulation model) / Olle Sundberg -- Model 6 : DYNACAN (longitudinal dynamic microsimulation model) / Richard J. Morrison -- Model 7 : DESTINIE (modele demographique economique et social de trajectoires individuelles simulees, i.e. demographic, economic and social model of simulated individual trajectories) / Sophie Buffeteau -- Model 8 : GLADHISPANIA (a Spanish tax-benefits microsimulation model) / Amedeo Spadaro -- Model 9 : STINMOD (Static Incomes Model) / Quoc N. Vu -- Model 10 : EUROMOD the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union / Holly Sutherland -- Model 11 : PSSRU long-term care finance model and CARESIM : two linked UK models of long-term care for older people / Robin Darton -- Model 12 : social policy simulation database and model (SPSD/M) / Brian Murphy -- Model 13 : the OECD tax-benefit model and policy database / Herwig Immervoll -- Model 14 : Pharmasim model / Anil Gupta -- Model 15 : LOTTE the Norwegian tax-benefit model system / Thor O. Thoresen -- Model 16 : IPDSM (Integrated Physician Demand and Supply Model) / Anil Gupta -- Model 17 : Registered Nurses Supply and Demand Models (NSM and NDM) / Marilyn B. Biviano -- Model 18 : MediSim (Static Microsimulation Model of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) / Laurie Brown -- Model 19 : SVERIGE / Magnus Stromgren -- Model 20 : NSW Hospitals Model / Linc Thurecht -- Model 21 : Customer Service Projection Model (cusp): a regional microsimulation model of Centrelink customers / Ben Phillips -- Model 22 SpatialMSM NATSEMs Small Area Household Model for Australia / Ann Harding -- Demographic change, health and health-risk behaviour across cohorts in Britain : implications for policy modelling / Jane Falkingham -- Measures of dependency among older people in community and residential settings in Scotland their development and application in resource forecasting / Adam Redpath. - This volume serves to present to interested readers recent developments in microsimulation and public policy. It strings together: selected papers presented at the International Microsimulation Conference on Population Ageing and Health: Modelling Our Future held in Canberra, Australia in December 2003; and recent thinking in the field of microsimulation as reflected in special contributions by some of the leading experts in the field; description of 20 key models relating to fiscal and health human resource issues concerning sustainability of health systems around the globe. The focus of the conference was on practical uses of microsimulation in government policy although theoretical underpinnings also received considerable attention. The volume covers a diversity of subjects: health status; pharmacare and health expenditure issues; financing, caring and health delivery; health human resources; and data challenges. To provide an insight into actual models used around the world, the book also has a section devoted to the challenges associated with building of microsimulation models and their current use in the formulation of public policy. The book presents some innovative analysis on public policy issues contained in some of the conference papers along with the methodological advancements made in the microsimulation field. It contains invaluable information that aims to help shape the current and future public policy debates in this area. The authors are established leaders in the field, and it is international in scope

Distributional cost effectiveness analysis is a new method that can help to redesign prevention programmes by explicitly modelling the distribution of health opportunity costs as well as the distribution of health benefits. Previously we modelled cardiovascular disease (CVD) screening audit data from Liverpool, UK to see if the city could redesign its cardiovascular screening programme to enhance its cost effectiveness and equity. Building on this previous analysis, we explicitly examined the distribution of health opportunity costs and we looked at new redesign options co-designed with stakeholders. We simulated four plausible scenarios: a) no CVD screening, b) 'current' basic universal CVD screening as currently implemented, c) enhanced universal CVD screening with 'increased' population-wide delivery, and d) 'universal plus targeted' with top-up delivery to the most deprived fifth. We also compared assumptions around whether displaced health spend would come from programmes that might benefit the poor more and how much health these programmes would generate. The main outcomes were net health benefit and change in the slope index of inequality (SII) in QALYs per 100,000 person years. 'Universal plus targeted' dominated 'increased' and 'current' and also reduced health inequality by −0.65 QALYs per 100,000 person years. Results are highly sensitive to assumptions about opportunity costs and, in particular, whether funding comes from health care or local government budgets. By analysing who loses as well as who gains from expenditure decisions, distributional cost effectiveness analysis can help decision makers to redesign prevention programmes in ways that improve health and reduce health inequality. ; Peer reviewed