Suchergebnisse

Background and Aim: The CCHF (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) virus causes a severe disease in human with a case fatality rate of up to 50%. Since, there is no specific treatment or approved vaccine against CCHF viral infections, an accurate and early detection as well as a reliable surveillance and quantitative determination of viral load is necessary for patient improvement and case management. In this research, our aim was to develop a probe based one-step real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for in-house quantitative detection of CCHF virus. Methods: At first, the highly conserved S-fragment sequence of CCHF virus genome was adapted from GenBank and the specific probe and primers targeting this region were designed. Then, viral RNAs were extracted from 37 blood samples of different patients from east of Iran (Zahedan). The specificity and sensitivity of the probe and primers were also evaluated in positive blood samples, confirmed to have CCHF virus. A standard (PTG19-T vector containing S-fragment) for quantization was also constructed and the viral load was determined in some of positive samples. Results: From a total of 37 suspicious blood samples, 15 samples were confirmed to be positive for CCHF virus by this probe based one-step rRT-PCR assay and no false-positive result was detected according to sequencing data. The predicted fragment of 176 bp was also confirmed in all positive samples by gel-based electrophoresis analysis. The assay was linear between 10 to 103 copy numbers per each microliter of extracted plasmid for this technique and the viral load determined in one of patient blood samples was 55,000 viral particles per each milliliter, for example. Bioinformatics and experimental evaluations approved the specificity of this assay. The LOD of the assay was 10 (or fewer) copy numbers of viral genome per each microliter of the extracted genome. Conclusions: This research showed that the developed probe based one-step rRT-PCR assay is a specific, rapid, sensitive and the simple tool for detection and viral load determination of the CCHF virus. Keywords: CCHF Virus, Real-time RT-PCR, Quantitative, viral load, S-region.

Abstract: Of the major threats to contemporary mankind, is the use of very dangerous and lethal biological agents as the biological weapons. The first step in confronting with this serious threat after prevention, is the accurate and rapid detection of this agents and neutralization of them. In this article, the role of molecules known as aptamer, has been studied in biological defense against these menacing biological agents. Traditional methods for detection of these agents are based primarily on immuno-affinity assays and the use of antibody molecules. While the modern methods, based on aptamer-affinity assays, are being replaced with traditional methods, due to the abundant advantages of them. The selection and preparation method of specific aptamer with high binding affinity to these biological agents is known as SELEX and the use of magnetic nanoparticles to perform this procedure (Mag-SELEX) is very common. The isolated aptamers with high specificity can also be used in neutralization and inhibition of menacing agents function, in addition to, quick and accurate diagnosis of these agents, utilizing them in nano-biosensors, based on aptamers (as the nano-aptasensors). Keywords: Aptamer, SELEX, nano aptasensor, diagnosis and neutralization, menacing biological agents.

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is known as an oncovirus and associates with several human malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma, other non-Hodgkin lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, etc. in Burkitt's lymphoma, and the key event is the translocation of MYC gene, that increase of cell survival and aberrant expression of MYC gene. The biology of EBV and its function in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma are discussed in this review

Cyclophosphamide is an anticancer drug that acts as an alkylating agent after metabolism in the liver. Despite its many clinical applications in cancer treatment, this drug has toxic effects on the body's organs, especially the genitals. One of the most critical side effects is a change in the function of the female reproductive system, which can lead to infertility. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of coenzyme Q10 on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in vitro fertilized embryos in mice. In this experimental study, 24 female mice weighing 25 g 4 groups of 6 were divided and treated for 21 days. The first group (control group), solvent (cyclophosphamide) including DMSO and PBS (0.1 ml intraperitoneally), the second group (sham group), cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected as a single dose, and the third group (experimental group), along with single-dose cyclophosphamide, coenzyme Q10 at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day was injected intraperitoneally and the fourth group (positive control group), only coenzyme Q10 at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day was injected intraperitoneally. At the end of the treatment period, ovulation stimulation was performed using PMSG and HCG hormones. Six adult male mice were used to prepare normal sperm. The animals were facilitated after anesthesia. After extraction of regular eggs and sperm and fertilization in HTF + 4 mg BSA medium, the fertilized eggs were incubated for 120 hours, and the embryonic developmental stages were examined during this period. Were analyzed by ANOVA and comparison of ratios. Cyclophosphamide significantly reduced oocyte quality, fertilization rate, pre-implantation embryonic development, and embryo quality. Coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10) significantly reduced the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide. The present study showed that crocin could protect the fertility of the female sex against damage caused by cyclophosphamide.

The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third registered spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans from the early 21st century. Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) rapidly spreads, resulting in an epidemic throughout China, followed by an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. Recently, a wide range of inhibitors have been introduced for treatment of COVID-19, and also promising vaccines are in late phase of development. Here, we aim to present an overview of recent findings of the biological and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with possible treatments and future vaccines.

Every year we see many changes in the world around us. One of these changes is the climate and weather, and it could be one of the reasons for changing behaviors between humans and animals, which could cause zoonotic diseases. We usually face new diseases that infect a growing population leading to a pandemic. Different reasons are leading to an increase in the emergence of new infections. Some of these diseases can be associated with zoonotic diseases and the diverse world of viral genetics and its failures. Furthermore, properties like mutations and also unknown effects of these mutations on the virulence of the agents make it challenging to trace new diseases. As we know, preventing emerging diseases is inevitable and viral diseases are dangerous, and some viruses can spread quickly and cause an endemic or pandemic. As was noticed during the recent pandemic, the need to study emerging diseases in the field of virology has become more and more apparent to us. In this review, we want to look at how we could monitor and control these diseases with new approaches and what should be done when a disease emerges. Moreover, we will investigate risk factors, ways to deal with emerging viral infections, new treatments that make the condition better when a person gets infected, and the future of these diseases. We will also study the ways to deal with pandemics with the new generations of vaccines

Chronic hepatitis can resolve spontaneously or progress to more advanced stages, i.e. fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, respectively. Two million deaths each year are attributed to liver diseases globally. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis comprise 11th position in leading causes of death worldwide. Viral infections account for the etiologic factor of most cases of hepatitis. Almost the only available way for the treatment of end stages of hepatitis is liver transplantation. The biggest problem with this therapeutic approach is the number of liver transplant donors is less than the number of recipients. Therefore, more advanced methods must investigate. Recently, gene therapy by the utilization of stem cells yielded promising results in clinical and preclinical investigations to the treatment of liver diseases. Novel genome editing tools such as TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 consider as powerful genome correction approaches and can employe for iPSCs gene editing. This paper highlights the various aspects of gene therapy through stem cells for liver diseases.

Ulcerative colitis is one of the idiopathic inflammatory diseases of the large intestine with an unknown cause, which occurs in recurrent attacks of inflammation in the lining of the mucosa and below the intestinal mucosa. Impaired mucosal immune responses, the involvement of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators such as arachidonic acid metabolites play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Based on medical findings on the pathogenesis of the disease, new therapies have focused on the responses of the intestinal immune system and the inflammatory process. However, the widespread use of treatments such as aminosalicylates and corticosteroids continues. Most of these drugs have severe side effects. Some patients do not respond well to these treatments and sometimes have to undergo surgery and colectomy. Therefore, extensive studies are being conducted to control and prevent disease to use natural treatment methods such as the use of antioxidants with the approach of removing free radicals that prevent the destruction of cells and tissues in the body. Today, various studies have pointed to the effects of herbal medicines as a complementary treatment in inflammatory diseases. Their low cost and high effectiveness have attracted the attention of researchers in this field. The aim of the present study is a comprehensive review of modern and traditional treatments based on herbal medicines in the field of ulcerative colitis.

Recently, respiratory viral infections have witnessed substantial diagnostic evolution, with the advent of emergent pathogenic agents and the improvement of new diagnostic approaches. Acute viral respiratory infection (ARVI) commonly causes illness and fatality, particularly in pediatric patients. Adenovirus has the highest prevalence in upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) amongst respiratory pathogens of importance. The purpose of this research was to introduce two effective techniques for the detection of adenovirus respiratory infection in Human samples, cell culture, and real-time PCR. Samples from patients aged less than ten years were obtained from Baqiyatallah (as) Hospital and cultured on HEK cells after preparation. After observing the cytopathic effects of the virus, a molecular test (Real-time PCR) with the help of specific primers was done on samples taken from the cell culture. Both assays detected viruses in clinical samples, and results of cell culture and real-time PCR confirmed infection with adenovirus in samples. According to our findings, simultaneous use of tests (cell culture and PCR) based test real-time PCR is a somewhat reliable method for detecting adenovirus in clinical specimens.

As a significant immunosuppressive virus, chicken anemia virus (CAV) is common among natural poultry hosts and newborn chickens. It contains a tiny single-stranded negative circular DNA genome, encoding three proteins vp1, vp2, and vp3. Apoptin, encoded by the vp3 gene of the CAV virus, is a small protein whose subcellular localization appears to be crucial for tumor-selective activity. Residing in the cytoplasm of normal cells, it translocates into the nucleus in cancerous cells. Apoptin has attracted much attention because of causes specific death in transformed and cancer cells and has toxic effects on cancer cells. In-silico analysis of apoptin revealed the unknown structural and functional features. Physicochemical features and sequence analysis and secondary structure prediction were also conducted using Expasy server tools. Furthermore, the global structure of apoptin was modeled using the I-TASSER server and antigenic features were obtained via the application of the IEBD web tools. The results of in-silico analysis indicated that this protein had a stable structure, was a suitable choice for therapeutic goals, capable of acting as a good anti-cancer agent.

Several studies have shown that some countries are among the main users of structural, molecular and physiologic information of human, animal, plant, and microorganisms cells (genetic and biological reserves) against living of organisms, especially humans. This method used as a mechanism for removing their rivals and opponents to achieve their goals. This descriptive-analytical study was designed to define the concept of bioterrorism, passive defense, and genetic resources and its historical development process, with emphasis on efforts to control these types of threats over time. In the present review, a wide range of literature through the search on Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases, extracted without regard to time constraints and focusing on the keywords listed above with three valid criteria and new sources of resources. The explanation of the material was based on the data obtained from the review of the sources and based on the inferences of the researchers from them. Given the importance of genetic information and the lack of clear prospective research in this area, the confidentiality of genetic data has been particularly respected among researchers. Eliminating data security can lead to unplanned advertising and costs. Therefore, the existence of laws and protective measures against coping with the misuse of enemies from genetic information is more than other country's prior demand. Keywords: bioterrorism, passive defense, genetic resource, threat.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Since then, researchers worldwide have focused their attention on identifying effective treatments and developing vaccines to combat this disease. Aim: To report the effectiveness of the drugs employed in the COVID-19 treatment protocols based on data from clinical trial studies conducted from the beginning of the pandemic until December 10, 2020. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted an advanced search in several electronic databases. A total of 13553 studies was screened by two people simultaneously and separately based on the article title, abstract and full-text. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane criteria. Results: Of the 13553 studies identified, 50 clinical trials were included in this systematic review. Of these, three studies explored the use of remdesivir, nine studies the use of hydroxychloroquine, five studies the use of lopinavir/ritonavir, six studies the use of favipiravir, one study the use of tocilizumab, two studies the use of interferon beta-1a and two studies the use of umifenovir.

"A rare zoonotic disease, monkeypox is brought on by the Monkeypox virus, which is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Poxviridae family. Smallpox-like symptoms are brought on by the monkeypox disease, which is closely linked to the variola virus (smallpox virus). In the past, it has been demonstrated that smallpox vaccination with the vaccinia virus (another orthopoxvirus) is 85% protective against monkeypox. The two most likely forms of monkeypox transmission are animal-human transmission and human-human transmission. Transmission between people has been connected to respiratory droplets, coming into contact with bodily fluids, contaminated patient things or surroundings, and skin lesions on infected people. Numerous strategies or tactics have been developed by monkeypox to subvert or exacerbate the host's immune reaction to infection. A crucial element of innate immunity, natural killer [NK] cells employ cytokines to kill virus-infected cells and interfere with the operation of other cell types like T cells and dendritic cells. Studies have shown that the smallpox vaccine provides cross-protection against other Orthopoxvirus species, including monkeypox. This study was out to provide a thorough overview of the pathogenesis, prevention, risks, immune response problems, and analysis of possible concerns associated with the monkeypox virus."

Abstract: Purpose: This study is carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of using common features of computed tomography (CT) imaging in COVID-19 disease, and to assess the relationship between blood oxygen saturation level and severity of CT findings. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the chest CT of 173 test-confirmed COVID-19 patients have been evaluated to determine the patterns of involvement in multiple phases of illness. Then, the correlation between the severity of lung involvement and oxygen saturation levels has been assessed. Results: The chest CT results show that 87.6% of patients had GGO, which was the most common pattern in our findings. 83.8% of patients had bilateral lung involvement with the dominant multifocal and peripheral distribution. peribronchovascular involvement was also a common finding in our study (47.2 %). we found predominantly peribronchovascular view in 3 patients (1.7%), pleural effusion in 4 patients (2.3%), lymphadenopathy in 10 patients (5.8%), the tree in the bud in one patient (0.6%), and nodules in 4 patients (2.3%). We also found that GGO is the most common pattern during the early phase of the disease (97.4% of early phase cases). However, in the intermediate and late phases, consolidation and crazy paving patterns are more common. Moreover, our findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between oxygen saturation level and Total Severity Score, with the exclusion of the young adult patients (20-40 years). Conclusion: Relying on chest CT-scan findings apart from the oxygen saturation level is sufficient for the diagnosis and management of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Keywords: COVID-19, pneumonia, spiral CT, diagnosis, treatment, Real-Time RTPCR

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and their role in cervical cancer have been well documented in numerous articles, but it seems that a study in this field in developing countries and the Middle East, including Iran. It's not done. Therefore, the present study was designed and performed to investigate the frequency and genotyping of human papillomavirus in patients by DNA tracking technique. This study was a population-based study in which the frequency and genotyping of human papillomavirus in patients by tracking technique was designed and performed on 534 men and women living in Tehran by DNA tracking technique. Sequences obtained using the NCBI site were analyzed at (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/LaserGene) and Bio edit software. So that in three low-risk groups including 6 and 11 genotypes, Intermediate risk includes 26-31-33-35-39-40-42-45-49-51-52-53 genotypes -55-56-58-59-66-63-83 and High risk includes 16 and 18 genotypes were divided. According to the results, the prevalence of the papilloma virus in the study population was 21.16%, of which 19.46% were in the high-risk group, 69.89% were in the intermediate-risk group and 50.43% were in the low-risk group. According to the results of the present study, although the prevalence of HPV in the study population is less than in many countries in the world, it is suggested that conducting epidemiological studies in the country to extract the true prevalence and plan to prevent and control this disease.