Suchergebnisse

The objective of this book is to capitalize on the work undertaken by the World Bank in the MENA Region between 2010 and 2014 using a particular model specifically designed for the distributional analysis of subsidies and the simulation of subsidies reforms. The model is called "SUBSIM" and has been used uniformly in all the seven countries where the World Bank operated. The focus of the book is the distribution of subsidies and the simulation of subsidy reforms in a partial equilibrium framework. The distributional analysis of subsidies provides information on who benefits from existing subsidies, and the simulations of subsidy reforms provide information on the outcomes of the reforms in terms of government budget, household welfare, poverty, inequality, and the trade-offs between these outcomes. It is a partial equilibrium approach in that we focus on the final consumption market only. The book covers energy and food subsidies. The countries covered are Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and the Republic of Yemen.

What is the welfare effect of a price change? This simple question is one of the most relevant and controversial questions in microeconomic theory and its different answers can lead to severe heterogeneity in empirical results. This paper returns to this question with the objective of providing a general framework for the use of theoretical contributions in empirical works, with a particular focus on poor people and poor countries. Welfare measures (such as Equivalent Variation or Consumer's Surplus) and computational methods (such as Taylor's approximations or the Vartia method) are compared to test how these choices result in different welfare measurement under different price shock scenarios. As a rule of thumb and irrespective of parameter choices, welfare measures converge to approximately the same result for price changes below 10 percent. Above this threshold, these measures start to diverge significantly. Budget shares play an important role in explaining such divergence, whereas the choice of demand system has a minor role. Under standard utility assumptions, the Laspeyers and Paasche variations are always the outer bounds of welfare estimates and consumer surplus is always the median estimate. The paper also introduces a new simple welfare approximation, clarifies the relation between Taylor's approximations and the income and substitution effects, and provides an example for treating nonlinear pricing. Stata codes for all computations are provided in annex.

This text addresses the understanding and alleviation of poverty, inequality, and inequity using a unique and broad mix of concepts, measurement methods, statistical tools, software, and practical exercises. Part I discusses basic fundamental issues of well-being and poverty measurement. Part II develops an integrated framework for measuring poverty, social welfare, inequality, vertical equity, horizontal equity, and redistribution. Part III presents and develops recent methods for testing the robustness of distributive rankings. Part IV discusses ways of using policy to alleviate poverty, improve welfare, increase equity, and assess the impact of growth. Part V applies the tools to real data. Most of the book's measurement and statistical tools have been programmed in DAD, a well established and widely available free software program that has been tailored especially for income distribution analysis and is used by scholars, researchers, and analysts in nearly 100 countries worldwide. It requires basic understanding of calculus and statistics. Abdelkrim Araar and Jean-Yves Duclos teach economics at Université Laval in Québec City.

La evaluación de la progresividad de un sistema fiscal es relevante para tener una idea general de la magnitud de la redistribución. Se investiga la evolución de la progresividad en el tiempo y cómo la política fiscal del gobierno afecta a su diseño en México, así como la dinámica de la progresividad del sistema fiscal en el periodo 2002-2012. Se utiliza un método de comparación de la progresividad con una aplicación no paramétrica y un soporte común de comparación en el tiempo. Se detecta un aumento en la progresividad con altos niveles de polarización y desigualdad con un impacto reductor en sus niveles.

DAD is designed to facilitate the analysis and the comparisons of social welfare, inequality, poverty and equity across distributions of living standards and using disaggregated data. It is made available at no charge. DAD's features include the estimation of a large number of indices and curves that are useful for distributive comparisons as well as the provision of various statistical tools. It is currently the only software that systematically takes into account the sampling design of commonly used surveys in calculating asymptotic, bootstrap and p-bootstrap statistics for carrying out statistical inference. Many of DAD's features are useful for estimating the impact of programs (and reforms to these programs) on poverty and equity. ; This work was carried out with support from CRSH, FQRSC and the Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network, which is financed by the Government of Canada through the International Development Research Centre and the Canadian International Development Agency and by the Australian Agency for International Development ; Peer reviewed

This is a significant revision of a paper which first appeared as Working Paper 98-26, CRÉFA, Département d'économique, Université Laval, Canada. ; We investigate the properties of a family of social evaluation functions and inequality indices which merge the features of the family of Atkinson (1970) and S-Gini (Donaldson and Weymark (1980, 1983), Yitzhaki (1983) and Kakwani (1980)) indices. Income inequality aversion is captured by decreasing marginal utilities, and aversion to rank inequality is captured by rank-dependent ethical weights, thus providing an ethically-flexible dual basis for the assessment of inequality and equity. These ocial evaluation functions can be interpreted as average utility corrected for the illfare of relative deprivation. They can alternatively be understood as averages of altruistic well-being in a population. They moreover have a simple graphical interpretation. ; We thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the fonds pour la Formation des Chercheurs et l'Avancement de la Recherche of the government of Québec for their financial support.