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Controversial events of the last few years have presented the American public with the question whether arms transfers by the United States have gotten out of hand. Has our country become the chief "merchant of death," as believed by many at the time of Senator Nye's investigation soon after World War I, or is it the "arsenal of democracy," as generally believed during and after World War II? This article deals with transfers of all kinds of non-nuclear arms from or by the United States, and it examines all types of transfers including grants, transfers on credit, government to government sales, and commercial transactions in which the seller is part of the private sector of the United States. There is an analysis of statutory law and applicable international agreements, followed by a description of the machinery that the United States Government uses to make decisions regarding transfers. The statistics are then discussed, focusing primarily on the current programs, but seeking to discern trends. There is a discussion of United States foreign affairs and military policy involved in arms transfers and a consideration of economic factors. In conclusion there are some comments about the future.

Distribution in United Biscuits Ltd. is seen as a vital part of the total marketing mix. United Biscuits differs from many other companies in the Birtish food industry in spending considerably less on "above the line marketing" and discounts and considerably more on selling and distribution. We believe that we have to be strong and efficient at the point‐of‐sale and we also believe that the success of the company's vast sales organisation depends upon a well managed distribution organisation to back it up.

Introduces his son, George William Taylor, who is to enter the academy; George will be pursuing a career in the Navy. ; Transcription by Joseph Byrne. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

This is the final version. Available on open access from the European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this record ; Code and data availability. The benchmarking code is archived at https://zenodo.org/record/3879161#.Xtq-py-z2fU (last access: 5 June 2020) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3879161, Kelley, 2020), which also contains the code to produce the figures presented here. The FireMIP model output is archived at https://zenodo.org/record/3555562#.Xell3C2ZOcY (last access: 22 November 2019) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3555562, Hantson et al., 2019). Data availability for each reference dataset is provided in Table A1. ; Global fire-vegetation models are widely used to assess impacts of environmental change on fire regimes and the carbon cycle and to infer relationships between climate, land use and fire. However, differences in model structure and parameterizations, in both the vegetation and fire components of these models, could influence overall model performance, and to date there has been limited evaluation of how well different models represent various aspects of fire regimes. The Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) is coordinating the evaluation of state-of-the-art global fire models, in order to improve projections of fire characteristics and fire impacts on ecosystems and human societies in the context of global environmental change. Here we perform a systematic evaluation of historical simulations made by nine FireMIP models to quantify their ability to reproduce a range of fire and vegetation benchmarks. The FireMIP models simulate a wide range in global annual total burnt area (39–536 Mha) and global annual fire carbon emission (0.91–4.75 Pg C yr−1) for modern conditions (2002–2012), but most of the range in burnt area is within observational uncertainty (345–468 Mha). Benchmarking scores indicate that seven out of nine FireMIP models are able to represent the spatial pattern in burnt area. The models also reproduce the seasonality in burnt area reasonably well but struggle to simulate fire season length and are largely unable to represent interannual variations in burnt area. However, models that represent cropland fires see improved simulation of fire seasonality in the Northern Hemisphere. The three FireMIP models which explicitly simulate individual fires are able to reproduce the spatial pattern in number of fires, but fire sizes are too small in key regions, and this results in an underestimation of burnt area. The correct representation of spatial and seasonal patterns in vegetation appears to correlate with a better representation of burnt area. The two older fire models included in the FireMIP ensemble (LPJ–GUESS–GlobFIRM, MC2) clearly perform less well globally than other models, but it is difficult to distinguish between the remaining ensemble members; some of these models are better at representing certain aspects of the fire regime; none clearly outperforms all other models across the full range of variables assessed. ; European Union FP7 ; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) ; European Research Council (ERC) ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Strategic Research Area MERGE (ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system) ; Lund University Centre for Studies of Carbon Cycle and Climate Interactions (LUCCI)