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Intro -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction Revolution in Comparative and Historical Sociology -- The Modern Idea of Revolution and Rereading the Past -- Revolution and Theory -- Revolution and Meaning in History -- Definition and Architectonics of the Concept of Revolution -- Conceptions of Revolution in the Ancient and Medieval World -- Causes, Process, and Consequences of Revolutions Reconsidered -- A Structural Typology of Revolutions: Explaining Common Patterns -- Religion, Ideology, and the Motivation of Revolution -- Teleology of Revolutions and Their Significance -- Chapter 1 The Akkadian Constitutive Revolution and the Establishment of Universal Monarchy in Mesopotamia -- Political Structure of Mesopotamian City-­States and Their Common Culture -- Revolutionary Unification of Mesopotamia and Transition to Empire -- Mesopotamian Value-­Ideas and the Ideology of the Akkadian Revolution -- Consequences and Significance of the Akkadian Revolution -- Dynastic Cycles and the Emergence of a New Revolutionary Pattern in Ancient Mesopotamia -- Chapter 2 The Athenian Constitutive Revolution and Subsequent Revolutions of Ancient Greece -- Constitutive Revolution and the Establishment of Democracy in Athens -- Consequences of the Cleisthenian Revolution -- Ideology, Organization, and the Cycle of Greek Revolutions and Counterrevolutions during the Peloponnesian War -- The Constitutive Revolution of the Roman Ancient Republic: A Comparison -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Revolution in the Roman Republic -- Prelude to Revolution: 126-­122 BCE -- Extension of Roman Citizenship through the Social and Civil Wars: 91-­84 BCE -- Sulla and the Counterrevolution: 82-­79 BCE -- Transformation of the Republic into Monarchy: 52-­27 BCE -- The Augustan Settlement and the Cumulative Consequences of the Revolutions of the Late Republic.

Introduction: Shi'ite Islam as a World Religion, its Social Forms, Bearers and Impact on Social Action -- Part 1. Formation of Shi'ite Islam as a World Religion of Salvation : Imamate, Occultation and Theodicy -- Origins and Development of Apocalyptic Messianism in Early Islam -- The Crisis of the Imamate and the Institution of Occultation in Twelver Shi'ism -- Imam Absconditus and the Beginnings of a Theology of Occultation -- The Consolation of Theology : Absence of the Imam and Transition from Chiliasm to Law in Shi'ism -- Shi'ite Theodicy : Martyrdom and the Meaning of Suffering -- Part 2. Shi'ite Religion and the Structure of Domination in Iran --- Hierocratic Authority in Shi'ism andnsition from Sectarian to National Religion in Iran -- Three Decrees of Shah Tahmasp on Clerical Authority and Public Law in Shi'ite Iran -- Political Ethic and Public Law in the First half of the Nineteenth Century -- Imam Khomeini and the Constitution of the Rule of God in Contemporary Iran -- Part 3. The Bearers of Shi'ite Islam and its Institutional Organization -- Hosayn b. Ruh al-Nawbakhti, the Third Emissary of the Hidden Imam --- The Clerical Estate and the Emergence of a Shi'ite Hierocracy in Safavid Iran -- The Office of Mulla-Bashi in Shi'ite Iran -- Shi'ite Jurists and Iran's Law and Constitutional Order in the Twentieth Century -- Part 4. Shi'ite Islam and the Motivation of Sociopolitical Action: Revolution and Constitution The Rise of Shah Esmail as a Mahdist Revolution -- Religious Extremism (Ghuluww), Sufism and Sunnism in Safavid Iran: 1501-1722 -- Ideological Revolution in Shi'ism -- Shi'ite Islam and the Revolution in Iran -- Shi'ite Conceptions of Authority and Constitutional Developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran -- Shi'ite Dissent in Iran before and after the Islamic Revolution

How do we make sense of the Arab revolution of 2011? What were its successes, its failures, and significance in world history? The Arab Revolution of 2011 brings together a broad range of perspectives to explain the causes, processes, and consequences of the revolution of 2011 and its critical implications for the future. The contributors, in this major addition to the sociology of revolutions, step back from the earlier euphoria of the Arab Spring to provide a sober analysis of what is still an ongoing process of upheaval in the Middle East. The essays address the role of national armies and foreign military intervention, the character and structure of old regimes as determinants of peaceful or violent political transformation, the constitutional placement of Islam in post-revolutionary regimes, and the possibilities of supplanting authoritarianism with democracy. The revolution of 2011 is also examined within a broad historical perspective, comparing the dynamics of revolution and counterrevolution in countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya with such epochal events as the European revolution of 1848 and Russia in 1917.

After briefly surveying three generations of comparative sociologists, interdisciplinary regional and trans-regional studies are shown to complement the work of the third generation of comparative sociologists on civilizational analysis and multiple modernities. Drawing examples from the interdisciplinary Persianate studies, promoted by the Association for the Study of Persianate Societies in the last two decades, and by other recent interdisciplinary studies of performance and world literature as well as Caribbean regional studies, it is argued that the rise of interdisciplinary studies in social sciences and humanities may in fact redeem the unfulfilled promise that comparative sociology once offered. These recent studies constitute a significant contribution to our theoretical understanding of different patterns of socio-cultural development beyond the West, whose historical experience gave birth to modern social science disciplines, and thereby to register the historical experience of a very sizeable portion of humankind as the basis for the reconstruction of social theory in the global age.