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- ; Ordines Militares – 20 Conferences. The Way of a Friendship This article examines the scientific development between Polish and German historians of the Teutonic Order from 1974 until today. Its scope ranges from ideological opponents, made in the 19th century and prolongated in the nationalist and communist period in Germany and Poland, to normal dicussions and collaboration.The way to friendship began during the political rapprochement of the Federal Republic of Germany and the states of the Warsaw Pact in 1969/1970. By the efforts on the Polish and the German part, this moved from a political friendship to an alliance in research. From this moment, more liberal meetings and encounters followed. This led to the initiation of the series of conferences, "Ordines militares", hosted at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and the foundation of the "Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Odens" at Vienna. It resulted in a fundamental common publications in two series of books, the abandonment of the nationalistic view in international conferences and exhibitions and – last but not least – friendship.The text also in English version - see below. ; Ordines Militares – 20 Conferences. The Way of a Friendship This article examines the scientific development between Polish and German historians of the Teutonic Order from 1974 until today. Its scope ranges from ideological opponents, made in the 19th century and prolongated in the nationalist and communist period in Germany and Poland, to normal dicussions and collaboration.The way to friendship began during the political rapprochement of the Federal Republic of Germany and the states of the Warsaw Pact in 1969/1970. By the efforts on the Polish and the German part, this moved from a political friendship to an alliance in research. From this moment, more liberal meetings and encounters followed. This led to the initiation of the series of conferences, "Ordines militares", hosted at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and the foundation of the "Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Odens" at Vienna. It resulted in a fundamental common publications in two series of books, the abandonment of the nationalistic view in international conferences and exhibitions and – last but not least – friendship.The text also in English version - see below.

- ; Ordines Militares – 20 Conferences. The Way of a Friendship This article examines the scientific development between Polish and German historians of the Teutonic Order from 1974 until today. Its scope ranges from ideological opponents, made in the 19th century and prolongated in the nationalist and communist period in Germany and Poland, to normal dicussions and collaboration.The way to friendship began during the political rapprochement of the Federal Republic of Germany and the states of the Warsaw Pact in 1969/1970. By the efforts on the Polish and the German part, this moved from a political friendship to an alliance in research. From this moment, more liberal meetings and encounters followed. This led to the initiation of the series of conferences, "Ordines militares", hosted at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and the foundation of the "Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Odens" at Vienna. It resulted in a fundamental common publications in two series of books, the abandonment of the nationalistic view in international conferences and exhibitions and – last but not least – friendship.The text also in English version - see below. ; Ordines Militares – 20 Conferences. The Way of a Friendship This article examines the scientific development between Polish and German historians of the Teutonic Order from 1974 until today. Its scope ranges from ideological opponents, made in the 19th century and prolongated in the nationalist and communist period in Germany and Poland, to normal dicussions and collaboration.The way to friendship began during the political rapprochement of the Federal Republic of Germany and the states of the Warsaw Pact in 1969/1970. By the efforts on the Polish and the German part, this moved from a political friendship to an alliance in research. From this moment, more liberal meetings and encounters followed. This led to the initiation of the series of conferences, "Ordines militares", hosted at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and the foundation of the "Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Odens" at Vienna. It resulted in a fundamental common publications in two series of books, the abandonment of the nationalistic view in international conferences and exhibitions and – last but not least – friendship.The text also in English version - see below.

Reform and Renewal in the Teutonic Order 16th–20th centuryThe turning-points in the 16thcentury made renewals necessary. After loosing Prussia in 1525 the German Master took over the leadership, not the Master of Livonia. He united the bailiwicks in the German Empire, but Livonia was an appendix until 1561/1562, when it was lost too. The German Master was a Prince of the Empire, and the Order had the new mission of fighting against the Turks, as a support of the Empire.The German reformation divided the principalities into Catholics and Lutherans. The Order had possessions in both, so the brethren became also members of the different confessions. After 1648, when the confession of Calvin became legal, the Order was tridenominational, for instance in the bailiwick of Hessia. The bailiwick of Utrecht separated and became an independant branche of the Order, until today in the Netherlands. In the 17thcentury the Order got a new rule, which gave more freedom to the knights. In the same time the Master reformed the education of the priests by erecting an own seminar in Mergentheim, similar in other regions.After the expulsion from the German Empire by Napoleon the Order existed only in the Habsburg Empire with an archiduke as Master and as an Order of the Roman church. He got a new rule and the renewal of the knights in 1839, the sisters and the priests in 1855. He erected branches of laity, named Knights of Honor and Marianer; they helped to finance the hospitals of the Order, especially in the wars.After the breakdown of the Habsburg Empire the Order has been renewed by the Roman church as a catholic Order of priests, brethren, sisters and laity, without knights, in 1929. Today he is working as an clerical and a social welfaring Order in seven European states.

Reform and Renewal in the Teutonic Order 16th–20th centuryThe turning-points in the 16thcentury made renewals necessary. After loosing Prussia in 1525 the German Master took over the leadership, not the Master of Livonia. He united the bailiwicks in the German Empire, but Livonia was an appendix until 1561/1562, when it was lost too. The German Master was a Prince of the Empire, and the Order had the new mission of fighting against the Turks, as a support of the Empire.The German reformation divided the principalities into Catholics and Lutherans. The Order had possessions in both, so the brethren became also members of the different confessions. After 1648, when the confession of Calvin became legal, the Order was tridenominational, for instance in the bailiwick of Hessia. The bailiwick of Utrecht separated and became an independant branche of the Order, until today in the Netherlands. In the 17thcentury the Order got a new rule, which gave more freedom to the knights. In the same time the Master reformed the education of the priests by erecting an own seminar in Mergentheim, similar in other regions.After the expulsion from the German Empire by Napoleon the Order existed only in the Habsburg Empire with an archiduke as Master and as an Order of the Roman church. He got a new rule and the renewal of the knights in 1839, the sisters and the priests in 1855. He erected branches of laity, named Knights of Honor and Marianer; they helped to finance the hospitals of the Order, especially in the wars.After the breakdown of the Habsburg Empire the Order has been renewed by the Roman church as a catholic Order of priests, brethren, sisters and laity, without knights, in 1929. Today he is working as an clerical and a social welfaring Order in seven European states.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuche ich die Verteilung der Herkunftsregionen der Mitglieder der Ballei Utrecht während der ersten zwei Jahrhunderte nach der Loslösung aus dem Ordensverband. Einleitend schildere ich kurz, wie es zu dieser Loslösung kam. Darauf folgt die Analyse der Daten zur regionalen Herkunft, im Rahmen derer ich auch die politischen und militärischen Funktionen der Ordensmitglieder beleuchte. Anschließend erörtere ich die Stellung der Ordensmitglieder innerhalb der gesamten niederländischen Elite. Derzeit findet eine starke Nuancierung des Bildes von den Niederlanden als bürgerliche, urbane und maritime Nation statt. Die Untersuchung zu den Mitgliedern der Ballei Utrecht kann zu dieser Debatte einen Beitrag liefern. Der vorliegende Artikel basiert auf einer 2012 erschienenen niederländischsprachigen Monographie zur Ballei Utrecht. Deutsch- und englischsprachige Publikationen zu Einzelaspekten machen diese Forschung auch für ein internationales Forum zugänglich.