Regional Patterns of Sex Bias and Excess Female Child Mortality in India
In: Population. English edition, Band 59, Heft 6, S. 831
ISSN: 1958-9190
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In: Population. English edition, Band 59, Heft 6, S. 831
ISSN: 1958-9190
In: Comparative population studies: CPoS ; open acess journal of the Federal Institute for Population Research = Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungsforschung, Band 45, S. 319-358
ISSN: 1869-8999
The global rise of life expectancy at birth has attracted worldwide interest, especially in understanding the pace of mortality transition in developing countries. In this study, we assess the progress of mortality transition in India during four decades between 1970 and 2013. We estimate measures of mortality compression and variability in age at death to assess the trends and patterns in mortality compression for India as a whole and its twelve biggest states. The results reveal an unequivocal convergence pattern in mortality compression across the states underpinned by the reduction in premature mortality and emerging homogeneity in mortality. Results by gender show that women are more homogenous in their mortality across the country because of an explicit reduction in the Gini coefficients at age 10 by the age group of 15-29 years. Mortality compression has changed in recent decades because of the increased survival of women in their reproductive ages, which marked a distinct phase of mortality transition in India. The pace of mortality transition, however, varies; adult mortality decline was greater than senescent mortality decline. These results show that India has passed the middle stage of mortality transition and has entered an early phase of low mortality.
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 46, Heft 4, S. 462-479
ISSN: 1469-7599
SummaryThe combined effects of decreased fertility and mortality coupled with increasing survivorship across most ages have been upsetting the levels and age patterns of morbidity and mortality in India. This study examined data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) and Sample Registration System (SRS) of India. The results reveal marked structural changes in the age patterns of morbidity and mortality. The analysis also tested whether morbidity contours are being compressed or expanded, connecting it with the ongoing processes of demographic and epidemiological transition. The Sullivan (1971) method was used to estimate the health ratio over three time periods to ascertain the expansion of morbidity. The results reveal an exceptional rise in the prevalence rate of chronic non-communicable diseases in ages 60 and above. The proportion of unhealthy years of the total life expectancy has increased more than before for all older age groups. Overall, the results confirm that an expansion of morbidity is in progress, with a heavier and cumulated concentration of morbidity in older ages. The expansion of morbidity hypothesis is validated for major categories of population: rural, urban, male and female. Older females bear a much heavier burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and are vulnerable to a higher proportion of unhealthy years. The age-structural shifts in morbidity and mortality signal the steady progress of epidemiological transition in India.
In: PLOS ONE, Band 8, Heft 10
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In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 40, Heft 2, S. 183-201
ISSN: 1469-7599
SummaryIn India, the eight socioeconomically backward states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, referred to as the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, lag behind in the demographic transition and have the highest infant mortality rates in the country. Neonatal mortality constitutes about 60% of the total infant mortality in India and is highest in the EAG states. This study assesses the levels and trends in neonatal mortality in the EAG states and examines the impact of bio-demographic compared with health care determinants on neonatal mortality. Data from India's Sample Registration System (SRS) and National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998–99) are used. Cox proportional hazard models are applied to estimate adjusted neonatal mortality rates by health care, bio-demographic and socioeconomic determinants. Variations in neonatal mortality by these determinants suggest that universal coverage of all pregnant women with full antenatal care, providing assistance at delivery and postnatal care including emergency care are critical inputs for achieving a reduction in neonatal mortality. Health interventions are also required that focus on curtailing the high risk of neonatal deaths arising from the mothers' younger age at childbirth, low birth weight of children and higher order births with short birth intervals.
In: Population: revue bimestrielle de l'Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques. French edition, Band 59, Heft 6, S. 949
ISSN: 0718-6568, 1957-7966
In: Journal of South Asian Development, Band 1, Heft 2, S. 231-248
ISSN: 0973-1733
An inevitable consequence of demographic transition in the Indian state of Kerala is the rapidly declining school enrolment in government-funded lower primary schools. So far studies dealing with demographic transition and falling school enrolment concluded that fertility decline is the sole reason for this. A major limitation of these studies is that they focused only on students enrolled in schools affiliated to the Directorate of Public Instruction without accounting for the enrolments of parallel fee-charging private unaided English-medium schools in the state. Based on the enrolment statistics of the Directorate of Public Instruction, studies argued that fertility decline is the main reason for school enrolment decline, leading to the emergence of uneconomic schools. Our analysis shows that aside from fertility decline, the poor quality of teaching in government-funded schools and the resultant exodus to private unaided English-medium schools is significant in accounting for decline in enrolments. The retention of students in government-funded schools can be sustained only by improving the quality of school education.
In: Journal of public affairs, Band 21, Heft 4
ISSN: 1479-1854
Household air pollution is a serious public health concern in India with more than half of the Indian households relying on solid fuel use. The long periods of lockdown related measures to control COVID‐19 pandemic in India further aggravated the adverse health effects of household air pollution as millions Indians were exposed to high level of health‐damaging air pollutants inside their homes. This commentary discusses the vulnerability of the socioeconomically disadvantaged population forced to stay indoors during the pandemic. Exposure to household air pollution has detrimental effects on health, which might put individuals at higher risk for complications related to COVID‐19. A large proportion of socioeconomically disadvantaged section of the population were exposed to critical levels of household air pollution and more vulnerable to severe health effects of COVID‐19. There is a pressing need to understand the aggravated health consequences of household air pollution in association with COVID‐19.
In: Journal of women & aging: the multidisciplinary quarterly of psychosocial practice, theory, and research, Band 34, Heft 5, S. 605-620
ISSN: 1540-7322
In: British journal of visual impairment: BJVI, Band 38, Heft 2, S. 196-208
ISSN: 1744-5809
Little is known about the prevalence and association between visual impairment, low vision acuity, and sleep indicators (sleep duration and sleep problem) in the Indian context. We investigate this association for Indian older adults (50+ ages). Using cross-sectional data from WHO-Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE) 2007–2008, a sample of 6560 ( Mage = 61.81, SD = 9.00) was selected for analysis. Self-reported visual impairment and performance-based low vision acuity were used as outcome variables, whereas sleep duration, problem in sleep, and medical condition with socio-demographic were used as covariates. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. In a fully adjusted model (including all covariates), vision impairment was associated with short sleep duration (<6 hr) and sleep problem, separately and together for both genders. Low vision was positively associated with short sleep duration and sleep problem, separately and together for males, whereas only long sleep (⩾9 hr) is associated with low vision acuity for females in fully adjusted model. Results suggest that sleep apnea including short sleep duration and sleep problem is the underestimated cause of visual impairment and vision acuity. Healthcare providers should consider sleep parameters (sleep duration and sleep problem) along with sleep apnea in the treatment of visual impaired older adults.
BACKGROUND: Back pain is a common disabling chronic condition that burdens individuals, families and societies. Epidemiological evidence, mainly from high-income countries, shows positive association between back pain prevalence and older age. There is an urgent need for accurate epidemiological data on back pain in adult populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where populations are ageing rapidly. The objectives of this study are to: measure the prevalence of back pain; identify risk factors and determinants associated with back pain, and describe association between back pain and disability in adults aged 50 years and older, in six LMICs from different regions of the world. The findings provide insights into country-level differences in self-reported back pain and disability in a group of socially, culturally, economically and geographically diverse LMICs. METHODS: Standardized national survey data collected from adults (50 years and older) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analysed. The weighted sample (n = 30, 146) comprised respondents in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, South Africa and the Russian Federation. Multivariable regressions describe factors associated with back pain prevalence and intensity, and back pain as a determinant of disability. RESULTS: Prevalence was highest in the Russian Federation (56%) and lowest in China (22%). In the pooled multi-country analyses, female sex, lower education, lower wealth and multiple chronic morbidities were significant in association with past-month back pain (p<0.01). About 8% of respondents reported that they experienced intense back pain in the previous month. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence on back pain and its impact on disability is needed in developing countries so that governments can invest in cost-effective education and rehabilitation to reduce the growing social and economic burden imposed by this disabling condition.
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In: Public policy & aging report, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 121-130
ISSN: 2053-4892
Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020.
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