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In this study we have analyzed various aspects of the reign of the Catholic Kings and we have made the comparison with the government of Ivan III of Russia. This Research has developed various aspects such as ideology, territorial expansion, diplomacy, art and religious policy. This research aims to demonstrate that in both realms were used similar mechanisms for the strengthening of royal autoriíta. ; En esta investigación se han analizado diversos aspectos del reinado de los Reyes Católicos y se ha comparado con el gobierno de Iván III de Rusia. Se han desarrollado diversos aspectos como la ideología, expansión territorial, diplomacia, arte y política religiosa. En esta investigación se pretende demostrar que en ambos reinados se utilizaron mecanismos similares para el reforzamiento de la autoridad real.

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the role played by two dimensions of entrepreneurs' private social capital in the survival, growth and innovativeness of entrepreneurial service ventures: local size and preferential attachment degree.Design/methodology/approachData were collected by a questionnaire, the unit of investigation being the private entrepreneur in the service sector in the city of Shanghai. The questionnaire allows the authors to identify the social network of the entrepreneurs, estimate the empirical degree distribution for the entire sample, and estimate local size and preferential attachment degree.FindingsThere is empirical evidence that entrepreneurs do not create social networks with preferential attachment structure and a large local size of the network increases the chances of survival of new ventures; however, the chance to become a dynamic venture is only related to entrepreneurs' preferential attachment degree.Social implicationsAny entrepreneurial strategy should include an investment plan to generate a minimum level of social capital orguanxi. Additionally, efficient strategy to generate social capital for dynamic entrepreneurship should focus on the creation of quality social capital. The underestimation of the role of social capital seems to have a deeper impact when analyzing the phenomenon of entrepreneurial innovation.Originality/valueThis conclusion suggests that the role of social capital in the entrepreneurial process could be underestimated systematically, since most of the literature only considers local measures of social capital. This underestimation seems to have a deeper impact when analyzing the phenomenon of entrepreneurial innovation.

[EN] The impressive growth of the funds managed following socially responsible investment strategies is a phenomenon that has been analysed from different perspectives. One of the main factors determining such investment strategies, maybe the most important one, is the selection of socially responsable companies, that is, the differentiation between socially responsible and irresponsible companies. Generally, the selection process is performed applying negative screening or positive screening strategies. Negative screening considers irresponsible companies those involved in the production of weapons or alcoholic beverages, following religious criteria. The positive screening approach is much more complex and less transparent. Both methodologies have been critizied as they do not prevent companies performing a clearly irresponsible behaviour to be included in the socially responsable portfolio. Moreover, it is important to stress that the opinion of retail investors is not considered when defining the concept of "socially responsible company", that is, the opinion of the potential clients of the socially responsible financial products. In this paper we are interested in the opinion of these potential clients regarding negative screening criteria, because we exclude the possibility of retail investors applying complex positive screening approaches. Our results show that compliance with the legislation is a main criterion for potential retail investors. This is an important outcome, as legal compliance is actually not a necessary requisite and non-complying companies are usually included in socially responsible financial products. Regarding negative screening based on the activity sector of the companies, results are more controversial. ; Arribas, I.; Espinós-Vañó, MD.; García García, F.; Oliver-Muncharaz, J. (2019). Defining socially responsible companies according to retail investors' preferences. Enterpreneurship and Sustainability Issues. 7(2):1641-1653. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.2(59) ; S ; 1641 ...