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The increased presence of international humanitarian actors in the last few decades has fostered a renewed interest in non-governmental organisations and their roles both now and in the past, whether this be urgent interventions for the relief of populations afflicted by disasters either natural or derived from human action –if this distinction still has any sense in the context of a "risk society" (Beck 1992)– or the defence of human rights. This circumstance has contributed to the renewal of historical studies on humanitarianism in general and, more specifically, on war humanitarianism, including the international Red Cross movement, such that a change in the direction of the historiography has taken place. ; Este expediente tiene su origen en el seminario internacional "La guerra, el humanitarismo, el progreso, la patria, las colonias .: Vicisitudes en el movimiento de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja entre 1863 y 1927", celebrado en la Residència d'Investigadors (CSIC-Generalitat de Catalunya) en barcelona, en junio de 2013 bajo los auspicios del proyecto de investigación "Sanidad Militar, medicina de guerra y humanitarismo en la España del siglo XIX" (HAR2011-24134), financiado por el Gobierno español. ; Peer reviewed

Earlier versions of this article were presented at the 19th International Congress of Historical Sciences (Oslo, 6-13 August 2000) and at the 11th Simposium de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Medicina (Jaraiz de la Vera, Cáceres, 22-23 September 2000). ; El dossier "Historia de la enfermedad" (Asclepio LIV, 1, 2002) incluye los siguientes trabajos: The history of disease: Introduction /José Luis Peset. Identifying disease in the past: cutting the gordian knot / Andrew Cunningham. Pour une histoire et une anthropologie des effets iatrogènes du "combat" contre la maladie / Marie Christine Pouchelle. Problematizing retrospective diagnosis in the history of disease / Jon Arrizabalaga. The history of smallpox and its prevention in Sweden / Peter Sköld. Comments on the round table the history of disease / Lars Göran Tedebrand. ; The perception of biomedical achievements in the last century has led most Westerners and those in the rest of the world under the influence of Western scientific culture, to assume that their own representations of disease and of its causes are the most authentic, the «truest», on the assumption that such representations are the culmination of an historical process through which modern medical science gradually achieved a better understanding of these phenomena —in accordance with a mathematical image, so esteemed by Popperian philosophers of science, of scientific knowledge as asymptotic to natural reality. ; This study has been partly funded by the research fellowship PB 98-0406-C02-02 of the DGESIC (Spanish Government). ; Peer reviewed

When a failed military coup provoked civil war in Spain in July 1936, the Spanish government made a worldwide plea for assistance. More than 2500 British men answered the call, taking up arms in defence of the democratically-elected Republican government. While this show of international solidarity has been widely documented, much less attention has been given to the massive response made by British women. Thousands of women organized nationwide campaigns to send aid to Spain. One of these women was Frida Stewart (1910–96), a young musician with a strong social conscience. As is the case with so many other women, Frida's recollections, her memoir and correspondence, upon which the following essay is closely based, constitute a valuable historical resource for the analysis of women's experiences during the war and give voice to those whose stories have previously gone unheard.

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Palfreeman, L. & Arrizabalaga, J. (2020). Frida Stewart in Spain: administering humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War. International Journal of Iberian Studies, vol. 33, i. 2-3 (01 sep.), pp. 227-240, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00030_7. ; Este es el pre-print del siguiente artículo: Palfreeman, L. & Arrizabalaga, J. (2020). Frida Stewart in Spain: administering humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War. International Journal of Iberian Studies, vol. 33, n. 2-3 (01 sep.), pp. 227-240, que se ha publicado de forma definitiva en https://doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00030_7. ; When a failed military coup provoked civil war in Spain in July 1936, the Spanish government made a worldwide plea for assistance. More than 2,500 British men answered the call, taking up arms in defence of the democratically-elected Republican government. While this show of international solidarity has been widely documented, however, much less attention has been given to the massive response made by British women. Thousands of women organized nationwide campaigns to send aid to Spain. One of these women was Frida Stewart (1910–96), a young musician with a strong social conscience. As is the case with so many other women, Frida's recollections, her memoir and correspondence, upon which the following narrative is closely based, constitute a valuable historical resource for the analysis of women's experiences during the war and give voice to those whose stories have previously gone unheard. / Cuando un fallido golpe militar provocó la guerra civil en España en julio de 1936, el gobierno español lanzó una llamada a escala mundial solicitando ayuda. Más de 2.500 hombres británicos respondieron a aquella llamada y levantaron armas en defensa del gobierno republicano democráticamente elegido. Si bien esta muestra de solidaridad internacional ha sido ampliamente documentada, se ha prestado mucha menos atención a la respuesta masiva de las mujeres británicas. Miles de mujeres organizaron campañas a nivel nacional para enviar ayuda a España. Una de estas mujeres fue Frida Stewart (1910-1996), una joven músico con una fuerte conciencia social. Como es el caso de tantas otras mujeres, los recuerdos de Frida, sus memorias y correspondencia, sobre los que se basa estrechamente la siguiente narrativa, constituyen un valioso recurso histórico para el análisis de las experiencias de las mujeres durante la guerra y dan voz a aquéllas cuyas historias han ido sin ser escuchadas.

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Palfreeman, L. & Arrizabalaga, J. (2020). Frida Stewart in Spain: administering humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War. International Journal of Iberian Studies, vol. 33, i. 2-3 (01 sep.), pp. 227-240, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00030_7. ; Este es el pre-print del siguiente artículo: Palfreeman, L. & Arrizabalaga, J. (2020). Frida Stewart in Spain: administering humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War. International Journal of Iberian Studies, vol. 33, n. 2-3 (01 sep.), pp. 227-240, que se ha publicado de forma definitiva en https://doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00030_7. ; When a failed military coup provoked civil war in Spain in July 1936, the Spanish government made a worldwide plea for assistance. More than 2,500 British men answered the call, taking up arms in defence of the democratically-elected Republican government. While this show of international solidarity has been widely documented, however, much less attention has been given to the massive response made by British women. Thousands of women organized nationwide campaigns to send aid to Spain. One of these women was Frida Stewart (1910–96), a young musician with a strong social conscience. As is the case with so many other women, Frida's recollections, her memoir and correspondence, upon which the following narrative is closely based, constitute a valuable historical resource for the analysis of women's experiences during the war and give voice to those whose stories have previously gone unheard. / Cuando un fallido golpe militar provocó la guerra civil en España en julio de 1936, el gobierno español lanzó una llamada a escala mundial solicitando ayuda. Más de 2.500 hombres británicos respondieron a aquella llamada y levantaron armas en defensa del gobierno republicano democráticamente elegido. Si bien esta muestra de solidaridad internacional ha sido ampliamente documentada, se ha prestado mucha menos atención a la respuesta masiva de las mujeres británicas. Miles de mujeres organizaron campañas a nivel nacional para enviar ayuda a España. Una de estas mujeres fue Frida Stewart (1910-1996), una joven músico con una fuerte conciencia social. Como es el caso de tantas otras mujeres, los recuerdos de Frida, sus memorias y correspondencia, sobre los que se basa estrechamente la siguiente narrativa, constituyen un valioso recurso histórico para el análisis de las experiencias de las mujeres durante la guerra y dan voz a aquéllas cuyas historias han ido sin ser escuchadas.

During the Spanish Civil War, military transfusion services appeared for the first time. In Barcelona and Valencia -two of the main strongholds of the Republican rear- blood transfusion institutes were set up during the struggle. The one in Valencia had, as an annex, a serology laboratory run by María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Hitherto unknown to historiography, this Valencian doctor had spent a long training period at the Pasteur Institute in Paris during the 1920s under the tutelage of the prestigious immunologist Alexandre Besredka (1870-1940). The aim of this paper is to rescue the figure of María Hervás Moncho from historiographical oblivion, and to analyze her work as the leader of the laboratory of the Institute of Blood Transfusion in Valencia. Hervás was particularly interested in increasing the sensitivity of serological tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis in order to reduce the incidence of false negatives and, therefore, of possible post-transfusion infections. In order to achieve our purpose several archival, hemerographical and bibliographical sources, both manuscript and printed, have been consulted. These are enumerated in the introduction. ; Durante la Guerra Civil Española aparecieron por primera vez los servicios militares de transfusión. En Barcelona y Valencia -dos de los principales bastiones de la retaguardia republicana- se habilitaron durante la contienda sendos institutos de transfusión sanguínea. El de Valencia disponía, anexo, de un laboratorio de serología dirigido por María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Desconocida por la historiografía, esta médica valenciana había realizado durante la década de 1920 una prolongada estancia de formación en el Instituto Pasteur de París bajo la tutela del prestigioso inmunólogo Alexandre Besredka (1870-1940). El objetivo de este trabajo es rescatar del olvido historiográfico la figura de María Hervás Moncho, analizando su trabajo al frente del laboratorio del Instituto de Transfusión Sanguínea de Valencia. Hervás estaba especialmente interesada en ...

Como es bien sabido, las fronteras entre los estados responden, en el mundo contemporáneo, a factores de índole militar y político, pero también a razones jurídicas y económicas. Sin embargo, a menudo se olvida que, en el marco de la consolidación de los estados-nación, las fronteras obedecen también a motivaciones de índole sanitaria, esto es, al deseo de los poderes fácticos de evitar la transmisión de enfermedades sobrevenidas procedentes de otros países, bien sea por medio de personas, animales o mercancías. La práctica de las cuarentenas y los cordones sanitarios obedece a la lógica del distanciamiento social que se establece con el fin de detener la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles, endémicas o epidémicas, cuyo origen real o atribuido suele con frecuencia situarse en otros países…

As is well known, the borders between states in the contemporary world respond to military and political factors, but also to legal and economic reasons. However, it is often forgotten that, in the context of consolidation of national statuses, borders are also motivated by health reasons, that is to say, the desire of the factual powers to prevent the transmission of diseases occurring from other countries, whether by humans, animals or goods. The practice of quarantine and sanitary cords follows the logic of social distancing established in order to stop the spread of communicable, endemic or epidemic diseases, the actual or assigned origin of which often lies in other countries. The four articles forming part of this monograph, entitled 'Between camps and hospitals: humanitarian medical aid to Spanish republican refugees in France (1939-1950)', constitute rewritten communications at both meetings. Its content has also benefited from the recent publication (autumn 2019) of the monograph "Humanitarian aid: From the Spanish Civil War to the early days of post-war Europe" (notably the work of Natascha Schmöller 14, Aurelio Velázquez-Hernández 15 and Luiza Iordache Cârstea 16) coordinated by Alicia Alted 17. Taken together, the four articles show the diversity of transnational humanitarian agencies strongly involved in helping Spanish republican refugees in southern France during the 1939 Withdrawal, the years of the Second World War and their post-war period until 1950. This dossier is part of the research project "Relief actions and medical technologies in humanitarian emergencies (1850-1950): agencies, agendas, spaces and representations" (HAR2015-67723-P; MINECO/ERDF). ; Peer reviewed ; As is well known, the borders between states in the contemporary world respond to military and political factors, but also to legal and economic reasons. However, it is often forgotten that, in the context of consolidation of national statuses, borders are also motivated by health reasons, that is to say, the desire of the ...

Como es bien sabido, las fronteras entre los estados responden, en el mundo contemporáneo, a factores de índole militar y político, pero también a razones jurídicas y económicas. Sin embargo, a menudo se olvida que, en el marco de la consolidación de los estados-nación, las fronteras obedecen también a motivaciones de índole sanitaria, esto es, al deseo de los poderes fácticos de evitar la transmisión de enfermedades sobrevenidas procedentes de otros países, bien sea por medio de personas, animales o mercancías. La práctica de las cuarentenas y los cordones sanitarios obedece a la lógica del distanciamiento social que se establece con el fin de detener la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles, endémicas o epidémicas, cuyo origen real o atribuido suele con frecuencia situarse en otros países. Los cuatro artículos integrantes de este dossier monográfico, titulado «Entre los campos y los hospitales: ayuda médica humanitaria a los refugiados republicanos españoles en Francia (1939-1950)», constituyen reelaboraciones de sendas comunicaciones en ambos encuentros. Su contenido ha podido beneficiarse también de la reciente publicación (otoño de 2019) del dossier monográfico «Humanitarian aid: From the Spanish Civil War to the early days of post-war Europe» (sobre todo, los trabajos de Natascha Schmöller 14, Aurelio Velázquez-Hernández 15 y Luiza Iordache Cârstea 16) coordinado por Alicia Alted 17. En su conjunto, los cuatro artículos muestran la diversidad de agencias humanitarias transnacionales decididamente implicadas en la ayuda a los refugiados republicanos españoles en el sur de Francia durante la Retirada de 1939, los años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y su posguerra hasta 1950. ; Este dossier se inscribe en el marco del proyecto de investigación «Acciones de socorro y tecnologías médicas en emergencias humanitarias (1850-1950): agencias, agendas, espacios y representaciones» (HAR2015-67723-P; MINECO/FEDER). ; Peer reviewed

After several faíled attempts at uprisíng from the summer of 1869, in May 1872 an open civil war blew up in Northern Spain between the supporters of the legitimist cause led by the Carlist ptetender Carlos VII (1848-1909) and the government troops of Amadeo I of Savoy, who was the king of Spain from November 1870 to February 1873. The conflict, better known as the Second Carlist War (1872-1876), in reference to an earlíer similar conflict lasting from 1833 to 1840, ttiggered a long and bloody confrontation that embraced the military field as much as the ideological and propaganda ones. As one more aspect of the war, the care of wounded and sick combatants was conditioned by all these circumstances. ; Peer reviewed

[EN] In May 1875, in the midst of a bloody civil conflict in Spain known as the Third Carlist War, Nicasio Landa, a medical officer with Military Health, wrote a report requesting authorization for the Spanish Red Cross, of which he was Inspector General, to adopt a new elastic suspension system for stretchers that he had designed, developed and tested. Intended above all for use in farm wagons – still the most widely-used method of transporting the wounded at the time – it was an inexpensive, sturdy mechanism that improved patient comfort and could also be installed in ambulance carriages, railway carriages and hospital ships. An annotated version of the report is included, preceded by a presentation of its contents. ; [ES] En mayo de 1875, en medio de una sangrienta contienda civil en España conocida como Tercera Guerra Carlista, Nicasio Landa, oficial médico de Sanidad Militar redactó un informe demandando autorización a sus superiores para que Cruz Roja Española, de la que era inspector general, pudiera adoptar un nuevo sistema de suspensión elástica para camillas que había diseñado, desarrollado y probado. Destinado ante todo a carretas de labranza – el medio de transporte de heridos aún más frecuente entonces – se presentaba como un mecanismo económico y resistente para mejorar el confort de los trasladados, que podía también instalarse en carruajes de ambulancia, vagones de ferrocarril y buques-hospitales. Se publica una edición anotada del informe precedida de una presentación del mismo. ; Este trabajo se inserta en el marco del proyecto de investigación financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación (gobierno de España) "Sanidad militar, medicina de guerra y humanitarismo en la España del siglo XIX" (HAR2011-24134). ; Peer Reviewed

[ES] Los primeros años del movimiento internacional de Cruz Roja coincidieron con grandes cambios tecnológicos en la medicina de guerra. Las peculiaridades organizativas de la Asociación Internacional de Socorro a los Soldados Heridos en Campaña, impulsada por el Comité de Ginebra y los comités nacionales de Cruz Roja; la confluencia en diversos congresos profesionales y publicaciones de médicos de las diferentes sociedades nacionales de esta asociación; y la construcción de un conocimiento práctico compartido, puesto a prueba en la Guerra Franco-Prusiana (1870-1871), proporcionan claves para comprender las innovaciones tecnológicas introducidas por la Cruz Roja Española durante la tercera y última Guerra Carlista (1872-1876). [EN] The early years of the international Red Cross movement coincided with great technological changes in war medicine. The organizational peculiarities of the International Association for Relief of Wounded Soldiers in Campaign, set up by the Geneva Committee, and by the Red-Cross' national committees; the convergence in various professional conferences and publications of doctors from different national societies of this association; and the construction of a body of shared practical expertise tested during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) provide keys for understanding the technological innovations introduced by the Spanish Red Cross during the third and last Carlist War (1872-1876). ; Este trabajo se inserta en el marco del proyecto de investigación "Sanidad militar, medicina de guerra y humanitarismo en la España del siglo XIX" (HAR2011-24134), financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación (Gobierno de España). ; Sí

This is the first volume to take a broad historical sweep of the close relation between medicines and poisons in the Western tradition, and their interconnectedness. They are like two ends of a spectrum, for the same natural material can be medicine or poison, depending on the dose, and poisons can be transformed into medicines, while medicines can turn out to be poisons. The book looks at important moments in the history of the relationship between poisons and medicines in European history, from Roman times, with the Greek physician Galen, through the Renaissance and the maverick physician Paracelsus, to the present, when poisons are actively being turned into beneficial medicines.