This study has been prepared in order to research the forms of application of the Service Export Insurance product on the basis of countries in the world, to determine who prefers this product and in which situations it is applied. Another aim of the study is to research how it can be applied to economic activities in the most efficient way in our country's own dynamics. Service exports in Turkey were included in the coverage of receivables insurance by Turk Eximbank in 2021. The purpose of this insurance is to protect the forward receivables formed by exporting services against commercial and political risks in order to encourage and develop service exports. In the study, the applications of export credit institutions operating in the global market were researched with the literature review method, and based on these examples, suggestions were made by Turk Eximbank about improvements in existing applications and new applications that are not currently available. In consequence of review of the studies in the field of export, it has been seen that there are studies in different fields, but academic studies on service insurance in exports are very limited, and therefore, it is aimed to bring a study to the literature with this study. (This study was produced from a doctoral thesis.)
Hızla gelişen ulaştırma, haberleşme teknolojisi dünyada fiziki ve fikri sınırları ortadan kaldırırken, sermaye birikimine bağlı olarak artan araştırma geliştirme bütçeleri, hep daha iyiyi arayan yönetim anlayışı ile birlikte enerji ve üretim teknolojisindeki gelişim her geçen gün yeni ürünleri, daha fazla sayıda insan hayatına sokma başarısını göstermektedir. Üretim tarafındaki bu olağanüstü gelişimin sürdürülebilmesi ise ancak üretimi teşvik edecek tüketim talebi ile mümkündür. Oysa bu o kadar kolay değildir. Öncelikle ürünleri talep eden zengin Avrupa ve Amerika başta Kuzey Yarıküre'nin gelişmiş toplumlarında tüketici nüfusu artmak bir yana büyük bir gerileme söz konusudur. Pek çok üründe doyuma ulaşmış tüketicilerin medyan yaşı 40'ın üzerinde olup hızla yaşlanan toplumların tüketim talebi de daha azdır. Üstüne bu zengin tüketicileri hedefleyen çok sayıda rakip vardır. Orta gelir düzeyindeki ülkelerin tüketicileri ise gerek korumacı politikalar, gerekse ölçek ekonomisinden yararlanarak maliyet avantajına sahip üreticiler tarafından sarılmıştır. Yine pompalanan tüketimle artan hane halkı borçluluk oranları yeni tüketimi geliştirmenin önünde engeldir. Bu açmazdan en önemli çıkış fırsatlarından biri, belki de en önemlisi yeni doymamış pazar arayışları olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bugünden kıtanın geleceğinde yer tutmak isteyen ülkeler tarafından yapılan doğrudan yatırımlar kıtadaki güçler mücadelesine ilişkin önemli ipuçları ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ve dünya ekonomisinde ilk 10 içerisinde yer alma iddiasında olan bir ülke için bu mücadelede yer almak kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliktir. Kıtayla ilişkileri 15. yy'a dayanan ve sömürgeci gibi olumsuz algısı bulunmayarak önemli avantaja sahip ülkemizin, Afrika potansiyeli ile doğrudan yatırım yapan eski ve yeni sömürgeci rakiplerini değerlendirmesinde yarar bulunmaktadır. ; The developing energy and production technologies have been succeeding to introduce an ever-increasing number of new products to the usage of human lives, with the help of boosting research and development budgets as a consequence of capital accumulation, as well as today's management philosophy of searching for the best, while the rapid developments in transportation and information technology have been lifting the physical and intellectual barriers. The continuity of this outstanding development in the production site would be possible only with the existence of a consumption demand that will encourage production. However, this is not that much easy. First of all, the demanding rich and developed nations of Northern hemisphere especially Europe and America is not increasing but losing their consumer population. Further, the consumers of these nations whose median age is over 40 and increasing so after, has been mainly saturated and have a decreasing consumption demand due to ageing. Besides, there have been many rivals targeting the same rich groups. On the other hand, the consumers of medium income countries, have been surrounded by protectionist policies or by the producers using the cost advantage of economies of scale. The increased household debts because of pumped consumption stand as an obstacle before the new consumption development. One of them or the best option to exit from this closed cycle is regarded as the search for unsaturated new markets. The direct investments of those countries which want to take a part in the Continent's future by today reveal certain hints of this power struggle. Being part of the struggle in Africa is an inevitable must for Turkey as a developing country which tries to reach the target of climbing to the list of top 10 economies of the World. Turkey which has deep relations with the Continent starting early as 15. Century and has no shame of colonisation, definitely has benefits to investigate the potential and rivals investing in Africa.
In order to ensure military security in a country, defense spending must be done for having a trained army with modern weapon systems. The effects of defense spending, which are not completed once and must be made continuously, are inevitable. This study sought to answer the question of how to influence Turkey's foreign trade balance in defense spending in the years 2000-2018. The Granger causality tests in the E-Views, a Windows-based econometric software program have been used. Defense spending has emerged from the analysis did not affect the foreign trade balance in Turkey. It is observed that the gross domestic product has an impact on the export and import of defense industry products.
In order to ensure military security in a country, defense spending must be done for having a trained army with modern weapon systems. The effects of defense spending, which are not completed once and must be made continuously, are inevitable. This study sought to answer the question of how to influence Turkey's foreign trade balance in defense spending in the years 2000-2018. The Granger causality tests in the E-Views, a Windows-based econometric software program have been used. Defense spending has emerged from the analysis did not affect the foreign trade balance in Turkey. It is observed that the gross domestic product has an impact on the export and import of defense industry products.
