Suchergebnisse

1. Why Another Book about Money? -- 2. Imagine a World Without Money -- 3. A Brief History of Money -- 4. Saving, Lending, Borrowing, and the Banking Sector -- 5. Central Banks, Monetary Policy, and the Economy -- 6. The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 and the Great Recession -- 7. Economic Growth and the Role of Money -- 8. Money in an Interconnected World -- 9. Some Concluding Thoughts.

In Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets, Ashraf analyses the role of social safety nets in a time when our global economy threatens our way of life, as entire cities such as Detroit are declared bankrupt, The Great Recession increased public debts across the globe and has thus reinvigorated the debate over social safety nets. Provision of social safety nets is often cited as one of the main reasons for the recent growth in public debt. In Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets, Ashraf analyses the role of social safety nets in a time when our global economy threatens our way of life, as entire cities such as Detroit are declared bankrupt. By dividing safety nets into two major categories, 'informal social safety nets' and 'formal social safety nets,' in conjunction with empirical evidence based on in-depth statistical analyses of data, Ashraf argues that government-provided, tax-funded formal social safety nets are not only essential for a modern economy, but may even promote innovation and economic growth and development

The Great Recession increased public debts across the globe and has thus reinvigorated the debate over social safety nets. Provision of social safety nets is often cited as one of the main reasons for the recent growth in public debt. In "Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets", Ashraf analyses the role of social safety nets in a time when our global economy threatens our way of life, as entire cities such as Detroit are declared bankrupt. By dividing safety nets into two major categories, 'informal social safety nets' and 'formal social safety nets, ' in conjunction with empirical evidence based on in-depth statistical analyses of data, Ashraf argues that government-provided, tax-funded formal social safety nets are not only essential for a modern economy, but may even promote innovation and economic growth and development

This article investigates the effects of age, marital status, number of children, and education on the probability of female presence in traditionally male‐dominated occupations using the PUMS 1990 and PUMS 2000 data. The results indicate that being married with husband present decreases the probability of female presence in traditionally male‐dominated occupations, whereas college education has changed from having a positive effect in the 1990 data to a negative effect in the 2000 data. The analysis also finds that there are significant regional variations with regard to the effects of these factors. (JEL J71, J31)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect effects of demographic factors on employee compensation, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in private higher educational institutes in Bangladesh. Specifically, how do compensation structure and job satisfaction mediate in the link between demographic factors and organizational commitment? To answer this question, a theoretical framework using the theory of employee retention provided by Martin and Kaufman, as its basis was established.Design/methodology/approachData (n= 515) were collected from faculty members of the private universities in Bangladesh. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.FindingsFindings indicate that though demographic factors have no direct impact on organizational commitment, they have indirect impacts on organizational commitment through the mediation of compensation structure and faculty job satisfaction. Besides, compensation structure also has a significant mediating role in the link between demographic structure and faculty job satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsOne possible drawback is the number of private universities from which the data were collected. In the sample used here, only 20 private universities were selected to conduct the survey. Besides, the study could not include public universities that are also a significant part and parcel of higher education in the country. So, if more private and public universities were taken into consideration to collect the data, the results might be improved. Thus, the usual cautions about overgeneralizing findings from this sample, to populations for which it is not strictly representative, apply.Practical implicationsFrom a practical perspective, as a cumulative body of work on organizational commitment, we will be better able to advise policymakers and educators on the elements they need to address to increase the longer engagement of the faculty members in their institutes. In this study, the one area of findings that may help policymakers and educators the most concerns compensation package that affects job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We found that demographic factors and compensation packages are the most important factors for the faculty members to impact on organizational commitment in this study.Social implicationsThe social implication is that policymakers of the private universities can focus on fair justice in terms of demographic factors and compensation package for job satisfaction, motivation and organizational commitment of the faculty members in their universities.Originality/valueThe findings of the study are important for the policymakers of the higher education institutes.

Bangladesh, one of the rising member countries of South Asia, passed a severe economic hardship during its post-independence period of 1970s till 1980s. Historically, Bangladesh inherited trade deficit from Pakistan legacy. Economic scenario, however, has had a distinct turnover in 1990s when share of export earnings from traditional items dragged down dramatically and that of non-traditional items grew apace. In parallel to export earnings, the import spending has also increased observing larger pace that worsens trade deficit volume and volatility as well. This study, thus, primarily endeavors to examine the trends in the trade deficit volume and volatility and also to identify the factors responsible for influencing that pattern. In so doing, the study employs two periods and examines, based on secondary data, the mean and standard deviations of trade deficit in two periods. The findings reveal that both mean and standard deviation have been increased by many-fold during the last 26 fiscal years starting from 1983/84. Consequently, these outcomes lead the economy to uncertainties that aggravate management of the production sector and overall macroeconomic policy-planning as well. The regression model shows that there have been three significant variables that influenced the foreign trade volume and volatility. These are the GDP, population number and the excise and duties for import. The study concludes with a recommendation of two policy initiatives in order to minimize the economic uncertainties. In so doing, government budget ought to be balanced and the import sector should be restricted to squeeze the import spending.

This paper features the application of a novel and recently developed method of statistical and mathematical analysis to the assessment of financial risk, namely regular vine copulas. Dependence modelling using copulas is a popular tool in financial applications but is usually applied to pairs of securities. Vine copulas offer greater flexibility and permit the modelling of complex dependence patterns using the rich variety of bivariate copulas that can be arranged and analysed in a tree structure to facilitate the analysis of multiple dependencies. We apply regular vine copula analysis to a sample of stocks comprising the Dow Jones index to assess their interdependencies and to assess how their correlations change in different economic circumstances using three different sample periods around Global Financial Crisis (GFC).: pre‐GFC (January 2005 to July 2007), GFC (July 2007 to September 2009) and post‐GFC periods (September 2009 to December 2011). The empirical results suggest that the dependencies change in a complex manner, and there is evidence of greater reliance on the Student‐t copula in the copula choice within the tree structures for the GFC period, which is consistent with the existence of larger tails in the distributions of returns for this period. One of the attractions of this approach to risk modelling is the flexibility in the choice of distributions used to model co‐dependencies. The practical application of regular vine metrics is demonstrated via an example of the calculation of the Value at Risk of a portfolio of stocks.

Although there are numerous specialized works that treat the individual options, and several volumes explore the utility of these efforts in a single case study, there is currently no equivalent, recent work that treats under one cover the various third party options for influencing and managing the diverse forms of ethnic conflict.