Suchergebnisse

Sweden has experienced unprecedented number of wildfires in year 2018. It is expected that risk of wild fires in Sweden will continue to increase in this century and frequency of larger wildfires will be higher due to increase of global temperature. According to an estimate, as far as 90-95% of wildfires are human induced and natural causes represent only a small percentage of all wildfires. Among, anthropogenic wild fires, particularly in Scandinavia, lesser are related to accidents, such as; lightning, failure of electric lines sparks emitted by train brakes or fall of catenaries, sparks emitted by engines and machinery, parking cars on grasses or firing and explosion during military exercises, however, more are related to negligence during recreational/tourist activities e.g. setting barbecues and campfires picnicking, hiking, and hunting. Past statistics has showed that in Sweden, more number of fires were occurred on weekends. Thus, risk of wildfires is an important area of research. In this study, history of wildfires in Sweden is discussed and different techniques that can be employed for fighting wildfires are presented. Moreover, various risk analysis techniques to cope wildfires are discussed. ; Sweden has experienced unprecedented number of wildfires in year 2018. It is expected that risk of wild fires in Sweden will continue to increase in this century and frequency of larger wildfires will be higher due to increase of global temperature. According to an estimate, as far as 90-95% of wildfires are human induced and natural causes represent only a small percentage of all wildfires. Among, anthropogenic wild fires, particularly in Scandinavia, lesser are related to accidents, such as; lightning, failure of electric lines sparks emitted by train brakes or fall of catenaries, sparks emitted by engines and machinery, parking cars on grasses or firing and explosion during military exercises, however, more are related to negligence during recreational/tourist activities e.g. setting barbecues and campfires picnicking, hiking, and hunting. Past statistics has showed that in Sweden, more number of fires were occurred on weekends. Thus, risk of wildfires is an important area of research. In this study, history of wildfires in Sweden is discussed and different techniques that can be employed for fighting wildfires are presented. Moreover, various risk analysis techniques to cope wildfires are discussed.

Balochistan exists in a state of conflict since the partition but, initially, the nature of the conflict was based upon the future of princely states that led to the insurgency against the federation of Pakistan in 1948, 1958, and 1963. After the emergence of Balochistan as a full province, the nature of conflict shifted towards Baloch ethnic nationalism that directed insurgencies during 1973 and 2004. The government of Pakistan claims that all the waves of insurgencies have huge foreign funding by rival states. While the concerns of major powers on re-constructing Kasghar-Gwadar Road plan 2004 (renamed as China-Pakistan Economic Corridor [CPEC] in 2013) triggered Baloch ethnic nationalism and already existed intra-provincial conflicts once again that led Pashtun-Brahui, Brahui-Baloch, and Baloch-Pashtun differences. However, a detailed briefing by Chinese Ambassador Zhao Lijian has undermined all the concerns of ethnic communities in entire Pakistan including Balochistan. However, there are still some voices for insecurity and predicted economic deprivation in the province. This study tries to describe the history of ethnic dilemma in Balochistan along with demographic structure, CPEC related projects in the province, and the rival states' nexus for triggering ethnonational separatism and intra-provincial conflicts against Pakistan. While the issue is rising by Baloch nationalists regarding preferring the eastern, western, or central route of CPEC is being discussed in the last.

This research investigates the role of local government institutions in promoting community development in Bahawalpur division from 2001 to 2018. The provision of municipal amenities is crucial for community growth, and local governments are expected to play a significant role in enhancing social, political, and cultural development. However, financial constraints, lack of education, community participation, and infrastructural development hinder their effective functioning. The study used statistical sampling techniques and analyzed the data using regression, and correlation analysis. The results show a positive trend in the contribution of local government towards community development, with a significant positive relation between the local government budget, community participation, education level, and infrastructure development. The study suggests that local governments should prioritize allocating sufficient budgets for community development programs and encourage community engagement in decision-making processes. Overall, the study highlights the significance of local government institutions in promoting community development in Bahawalpur division.

Pamiri ethnic nationalism in Post-Soviet Tajikistan has led to short-lived sovereign status in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region from 1992 to 1997 that has now been transmitted in the remaining parts of entire Badakhshan Region / Pamir Mountain Range; covering Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County of Tajikistan, and, Chitral District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Gilgit-Baltistan Autonomous Region of Pakistan. As Pak-China Economic Corridor is crossing through Gilgit-Baltistan, anti-Pakistan elements can not only trigger Pamiri ethnic nationalism on the basis of former historical sovereignty, separate linguistic identity, or unique sectarian believes. This study discusses the ways of the Pamiri ethnic community in the entire Badakhshan Region that has little been inspiring from the ethnonational separatism in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan. Similarly, anti-Pakistan and anti-CPEC elements are also analyzed in this study that is trying to disturb the socio-political and religious environment of Gilgit-Baltistan to disrupt CPEC. Future assessments of the region after completing CPEC, historical background and economic worth of the Gilgit-Baltistan, and, developmental opportunities for Afghanistan and Tajikistan are also observed in this study.

Constitutional economics is an interdisciplinary subject of constitutionalism and economics where political government tries to constitutionalize the economic activities within the state. Although, every political government tries to deal with all the economic aspects during constitutional engineering but, in theocratic states, the supreme religious institution performs the respective task because of having an official thought to be divinely guided. This study comprehensively describes the concept of Vilayat-e-Faqih (introduced by the Imam Khomeni) in Iran, by which, the entire political system including the economic and financial affairs of Iran has become the subjects of Supreme Leader and his Guardian Council. Similarly, articles 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 31 of the Iranian constitution emphasize upon economic rights of the nation in general. On the other hand, articles 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 and 48 of the constitution define Iranian economic infrastructure, which is comprised of state, corporate and private sectors.At the same time, articles from 100 to 106 of the constitution focus on the power and authorities of"the councils" at the town, city, district and provincial levels. Moreover,this study also provides constitutional economic analysis of article 05, articles 107 to 112, article 150,and article 176 that exhibits hegemony of Supreme Leader (in consultation with Guardian Council and Revolutionary Guards)regarding looking after, controlling and directing all the economic activities within the state. Furthermore, the study also investigates how and why each constitutional provision is the subject of the post of Supreme Leader (also called Vilayat-e-Faqīh; considered to be divinely guided).

Women's health is about issues and matters specific to female anatomy. Women's health issues are related to the female genitalia, breast, and other physiological structures. Women's health matters include menstruation; pregnancy and menopause. Contraceptives are a thoughtful and premeditated selection of a birth control technique or set of techniques. In Pakistan, there is an increasing trend of using contraceptives to regulate unwanted pregnancies due to recent awareness of family planning and several women health problems launched by government. However, unawareness about the use of contraceptives would be more dangerous and its prolonged use sometimes results in multiple complications. In order to study the impact of contraceptives use on women health, 100 female respondents were taken as study respondents through purposive sampling technique. It was found that (88%) female were using contraceptives continuously, (82%) female respondents found the contraceptives effective then (62%) female respondents reported physical problems are the disadvantages of contraceptives. (59%) of female respondents were from city and (41%) female respondents were from towns and majority of them were using contraceptives. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n1p257

Migration is universal phenomena and people move from rural areas to urban areas, from developing countries to developed countries and from societies with stagnant economic conditions to societies with better off economic conditions to address their economic and social needs. The present study was designed to explore the socio-economic determinants of rural migrants in urban settings in Sargodha city. For the purpose of the study existing literature on the topics was thoroughly reviewed. A sample of 120 respondents was taken equally (40 from each colony) three randomly selected localities i.e. Satellite Town, Farooq Colony and Old Civil Line. Descriptive analysis demonstrates that insufficient, inappropriate educational, health, recreational facilities, poor infrastructure and stagnant and limited economic opportunities in rural areas were the prime factors which motivate the individuals and families to migrate to the urban areas. With increasing migration from rural to urban areas, the multi-dimensional problems such sanitation, environmental pollution, overcrowded housing, congested traffic, overpopulation, road accidents and crimes are increasing. Government should have provide better economic opportunities, better sanitation facilities, better health facilities better educational facilities, better infrastructure, better transportation, promotion of cottage industry, and establishment of small industry near the villages to divert the major flow of people from rural areas to urban areas. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n1p71

In Balochistan, public sector is active in almost all sphere of social life. Its operation are varied and multi faceted which covers a broad range of issues encompassing health, education, provision of utility services, infrastructure development, provision of security and justice to promotion of trade and commerce, alleviation of poverty and eradication of crimes from society. This research article is a descriptive analysis of the scope of the public sector operations and its performance evaluation in different functional areas such as planning, finance, team building and performance appraisal. The study has made the use of both primary and secondary data.

Since the inauguration of CPEC as a plan to reconstruct the olden road between Kashgar and Gwadar, Pakistan is also experiencing socio-industrial impacts at the macro level. In fact, Chinese industries have built such a technical structure within the Pakistani markets that largely affects the nature of the masses. Likewise, socio-cultural life including the business environment in Pakistan has also been rapidly affected by the Chinese arrival. Therefore, by collecting primary sources from Pakistani and Chinese ministries regarding Chinese imports towards Pakistan; the study examines how it is encircling daily route life along with human nature. At the same time, consultation with different organizations and think tanks assists the study in practically investigating the socio-industrial impacts of CPEC within the theoretical context of structural anthropology in different regions of Pakistan.

PurposeThe study aims to examine the role of consumer psychological attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and pro-environmental self-identity on green food purchase intention. Also, it examines the effect of ecological conscious consumers' behavior (ECCB) on green intention and behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe study has focused on the upper-middle-class segment of Karachi. The authors have used area sampling for collecting the data. Six recruited enumerators distributed 450 questionnaires in five areas of Karachi and received 423 filled-in questionnaires. The study has used the Smart PLS version for data analysis.FindingsThe study found that biospheric egoistic and hedonic values affect attitudes toward green products, and altruistic values have no effect on attitude. Also, the authors did not find any association between attitude and green purchase intention, but found that attitude stimulates ECCB. Subjective norms and perceived behavior control strongly affect green purchase intention and ECCB. The results also suggest that pro-environment self-identity and ECCB are significant predictors of green purchase intention. The authors also found that green purchase intention stimulates green food behavior.Originality/valueThe authors have taken a holistic approach by investigating 13relationships. The authors also examined the association between hedonic values and green purchase intentions, which in the past studies have contradictory results.